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Aerodynamics And Theory Of Flight Flashcards

1
Q

Linked to continuity what happens to air in the subsonic region?

A

Cannot attain speed to compress air (incompressible)

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2
Q

What does the continuity equation state?

A

Speed of airflow is inversely proportional to the area of cross section tube if density stays the same

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3
Q

What are the two types of outlet?

A

Jet
Diffuser

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4
Q

Total pressure =

A

Dynamic + static

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5
Q

Does the total pressure every change and explain your answer?

A

No it never changes, it’s split between dynamic and static

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6
Q

What is the point of stagnation?

A

Air velocity = 0

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7
Q

In the Venturi tube what happens as air flows through?

A

Accelerates until the thinnest point

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8
Q

As speed increases in the Venturi what happens to static and dynamic pressure?

A

Static pressure decreases and dynamic increases

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9
Q

What is the boundary layer?

A

Layer of air on the immediate surface and doesn’t move

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10
Q

What is laminar flow?

A

Moving air, known as laminate or turbulent

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11
Q

What is good about laminar flow?

A

It’s smooth and all airflow is parallel to each other

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12
Q

What is turbulent flow?

A

More naturally occurring disturbed flow

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13
Q

What is relative airflow?

A

Direction the natural air is going

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14
Q

The boundary layer can be either?

A

Laminar or turbulent

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15
Q

If the angle of attack increases what happens to the point at which air separates from the wing?

A

Moves forward

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16
Q

What are the advantages of laminar flow?

A

Less friction, better fuel usage, better range, faster speeds

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17
Q

What are the disadvantages of laminar flow?

A

Easier flow separation and easier stalling

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18
Q

What is up wash?

A

Airflow attracts to lower pressure region of the wing on the upside

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19
Q

What is downwash?

A

High pressure parts of aerofoil want to go to low pressure areas and once air has passed over aerofoil the pressure returns back to normal

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20
Q

What are vortices?

A

Disturbed airflow coming off the wing

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21
Q

What two edges does an aerofoil have?

A

Leading and trailing

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22
Q

What is the chord line?

A

Connects leading and trailing edge

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23
Q

What is the camber?

A

Chord line but drawn in equal distance from top to bottom

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24
Q

What is the aspect ration between on an aerofoil?

A

Length and average width

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25
What are high aspect ratio wings used for?
Long span wings, used for gliders
26
What are low aspect ratio wings used for?
Shorter wings, used for military aircraft
27
What is induced drag affected by?
Aspect ratio, wing tip design, aircraft speed
28
What is wash in?
Angle of incidence is greater towards the tip
29
What is wash out?
Angle of incidence that is greater then the wing root
30
How can you ensure the root of the wing stalls first?
Geometrically twisting or washing out the wing
31
What is a geometrically twisted wing?
The camber is constant but the angle of incidence is greater at the root then the tip
32
What is an aerodynamically twisted wing?
The camber profile at the root is greater then the camber profile at the tip. Angle of incidence is constant
33
What does MAC stand for?
Mean aerodynamic chord
34
What does AOA stand for?
Angle of attack
35
Where is angle of attack measured?
Chord line to relative wind
36
Where is the angle of incidence measured?
Angle between chord and longitudinal axis
37
What does CP stand for?
Centre of Pressure
38
What are the 4 types of wing shape?
Elliptical Rectangle Tapered Swept
39
Where does stall happen on an elliptical wing?
The entire wing
40
Where does stall happen on a rectangular wing?
Root to tip
41
Where does a tapered wing stall first?
The tip
42
Where does a swept wing stall first?
Tip
43
Is a positive sweep forward or back?
Back
44
Is a negative sweep forward or back?
Forward
45
The more swept back a wing is where is the aircraft more stable?
In roll
46
When is a wing known as dihedral?
When the wing tip is higher than the wing root
47
What does a dihedral wing increase?
Lateral stability
48
What makes a wing Anhedral?
The wing tips are lower than the wing root
49
Drag is opposite to what force?
Thrust
50
Total drag =
Induced drag + parasite drag + compressible drag
51
Where is the low pressure and high pressure air on a wing?
Low pressure in above and high pressure is below
52
During low speed flight is the AOA high or low?
High
53
During high speed flight is the AOA high or low?
Low
54
During low speed flight is the a high of low coefficient of lift?
High
55
During high speed flight is there a high or low coefficient of lift?
Low
56
What is form drag and what’s it caused by?
Parasite drag caused by pressure distribution
57
What’s the relationship between form and friction drag?
A profile with low form drag has a high friction drag, and a profile with a high form drag has a low friction drag.
58
What can interference drag be reduced by?
Different fairings on the aircraft
59
When does compressible drag occur?
During transonic and supersonic flight
60
For an aircraft to start moving what must exert drag?
Thrust
61
To maintain constant speed what must be equal?
Thrust and drag
62
What is the efficiency factor ratio between?
Thrust and drag
63
What fundamental forces act on an aircraft?
Thrust, drag, lift, weight
64
Why is lift produced?
Pressure difference above and below wing
65
What is airflow separation also known as?
Stall
66
What is stall define as?
Sudden loss in lift
67
What is the usual critical angle?
15 degrees
68
Is wing root stall or wing tip stall better?
Wing root stall
69
How can we prevent wing tip stall on smaller aircraft?
Stall strip
70
How can we prevent wing tip stall on larger aircraft?
Slats
71
What are common aerofoil contaminations?
Dirt, snow, ice, dust
72
What effect does ice on an aerofoil have?
Drag, extra weight, unbalancing
73
What are the 3 main ice formations?
Rime ice Clear ice Frost
74
When will frost form?
In clear air when the aircraft has been stored overnight in temperatures below 0
75
When is rime ice formed?
Water droplets freeze when contacting a cold surface
76
When is clear ice formed?
Flying in areas with large water droplets
77
What is weight formed by?
Mass of the aircraft
78
What must we produce to counteract weight?
Lift
79
What forces pushes the aircraft through the sky?
Thrust
80
What force resists the motion of the aircraft?
Drag
81
What is used in the glide ratio?
Distance forward to distance downward
82
What does AC stand for?
Aerodynamic centre
83
What does CG stand for?
Centre of Gravity
84
What must be equal to maintain contact speed in climb?
Thrust must equal drag and the rearward weight of the aircraft
85
Is induced drag higher at low speeds of high speeds?
Low speeds
86
What 2 forms does mechanical energy come in?
Kinetic Potential Energy
87
What is the load factor as a ratio?
Lift to weight
88
Lift augmentations are useful why?
Systems installed to to produce more lift at certain speed, prevent low speed stalls
89
What are the main lift augmentation devices?
Flaps Slats and slots Boundary layer control
90
What are the types of flaps?
Plain flaps Split flap Slotted flap Fowler flap
91
What are the flaps and their increase in lift?
Plain - 50/55 Split - 60/65 Slotted - 65/70 Fowler - 95
92
What do flaps change on the shape of the wing?
Increase camber
93
Trailing edge flaps change what across the wing?
Pressure distribution
94
What do Krueger flaps do?
Increase wings camber and generate more lift
95
What do slats prevent?
Flow separation
96
What is a slot?
Fixed aerodynamic feature on the wing
97
What do cortex generators do?
Re-energise the boundary layer
98
What do winglets do?
Prevent vortices on the tips of the wing that generate drag
99
What are 4 benefits of installing winglets?
Fuel efficiency Increased range Performance Lower emissions

M8 (3 decks)

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