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Private Pilot > Aerodynamics > Flashcards

Aerodynamics Flashcards

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Charter Pilot (Part 135) - Oral flashcards
1
Q

An increased load factor will cause the airplane to stall at a ______ ______

A

Higher Airspeed

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2
Q

The upper limit of the green arc represents

A

The maximum structural cruising speed

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3
Q

What does Vno mean?

A

“No” go there. Maximum structural cruising speed. Beginning of the yellow arc, or caution range. Theoretically, a brand-new aircraft can withstand the FAA’s 50 fps gust at this speed. Unfortunately, the pilot has no way of measuring gust intensity.

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4
Q

What does CG mean?

A

Center of Gravity

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5
Q

What does Vy mean?

A

Best rate-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain in altitude in the shortest time. Flaps and gear up. Decreases as weight is reduced, and decreases with altitude. Lift-to-drag ratio is usually at its maximum at this speed, so it can also be used as a good ballpark figure for best glide speed or maximum-endurance speed for holding.

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6
Q

What does Vx mean?

A

Best angle-of-climb speed. Delivers the greatest gain of altitude in the shortest possible horizontal distance. The speed given in the flight manual is good only at sea level, at max gross weight and with flaps in takeoff position. VX increases with altitude (about ½ knot per 1,000 feet) and usually decreases with a reduction of weight. It will take more time to gain altitude at VX because of the slower speed, but the goal is to gain the most altitude in the shortest horizontal distance.

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7
Q

What does Vfe mean?

A

Maximum flap-extended speed. Top of white arc. The highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. Many aircraft allow the use of approach flaps at speeds higher than VFE. Positive load for Normal category airplanes is usually reduced from 3.8 Gs to 2 Gs with the flaps down, and negative load is reduced from minus 1.52 Gs to zero. The purpose of flaps during landing is to enable steeper approaches without increasing the airspeed.

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8
Q

What does Vle mean?

A

Maximum landing gear extended speed. Maximum speed at which an airplane can be safely flown with the landing gear extended.

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9
Q

What does Va mean?

A

Design maneuvering speed. The highest safe airspeed for abrupt control deflection or for operation in turbulence or severe gusts. It does not allow for multiple large control inputs. If only one speed is published it is usually determined at max landing weight. This speed decreases as weight decreases.
Formula for determining VA at less than max landing weight: VA2 equals VA multiplied by current weight divided by max landing weight.

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10
Q

What does Vso mean?

A

Stall speed in landing configuration. Lower limit of white arc. Stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in landing configuration: engines at idle, props in low pitch, usually full wing flaps, cowl flaps closed, CG at ­maximum forward limit (i.e., most unfavorable CG) and max gross landing weight. Maximum allowable VSO for single-engine aircraft and many light twins is 61 knots (remember, “stuff out”).

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11
Q

Additional weight carried by the wings divided by the weight of the aircraft

A

Load Factor

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12
Q

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift determines the ______ stability of an airplane

A

Longitudinal

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13
Q

The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will remain ______ ______ regardless of gross weight.

A

The same

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14
Q

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the ______ of the airplane

A

Speed

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15
Q

The upper limit of the yellow arch is the maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in _____ _____

A

Smooth air

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16
Q

When not changing speed or direction, you are in ______

A

Unaccelerated Flight

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17
Q

when Thrust = Drag & Lift = Weight during unaccelerated flight it’s in

A

Equilibrium

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18
Q

Air traveling faster over curved upper surface causes _____ _____ on the top surface

A

Lower Pressure

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19
Q

Line created from the trailing edge of the wing to the leading ledge

A

Chord Line

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20
Q

Angle between chord line and relative wind

A

Angle of Attack

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21
Q

As you go to higher altitudes the air gets _____ or ___ _____ because air molecules are spaced _____ which is what airplanes have to move faster at higher altitudes

A

Thinner or Less Dense / Further apart

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22
Q

Stall speed is the same at ______ altitudes

A

any

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23
Q

A spin to the right or left what wing is stalled

A

both

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24
Q

Flaps increase ______ but mostly increase _____

A

lift / drag

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25
Q

What are the purpose of Flaps

A

increase descent angle without increase in airspeed

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26
Q

Vertical Axis controls

A

yaw controlled by the rudders

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27
Q

Longitudinal Axis controls

A

roll controlled by the ailerons

28
Q

Horizontal Axis controls

A

pitch controlled by the elevators

29
Q

Longitudinal stability means

A

pitch stability

30
Q

Longitudinal stability is determined by

A

the location of center of gravity in relation to the center of lift

31
Q

what happens if you load the airplane to the most AFT CG limit

A

it will be less stable at all speeds

32
Q

When you change the angle of attack that changes the

A

center of pressure which affects the aerodynamic balance and controllability of the airplane

33
Q

What force makes a airplane turn

A

horizontal component of lift

34
Q

To correct for adverse yaw

A

use rudder

35
Q

What force makes an airplane turn

A

the horizontal component of lift

36
Q

An increase in load factor will cause the airplane to stall at

A

higher airspeeds

37
Q

The amount of excess load put on a wing of an airplane depends on the

A

speed of the airplane

38
Q

At high angles of attack P-factor causes

A

left yaw

39
Q

When is torque effect the greatest

A

High power, low airspeeds and high angles of attack

40
Q

In severe turbulence you want to _____ your speed to ______ or slightly below

A

Reduce / Maneuvering (Va)

41
Q

In severe turbulence, maintain _____ _____ _____ and allow _______________

A

level flight attitude and allow minor variations in airspeed and altitude

42
Q

White ARC on airspeed indicator represents

A

flap operating range

43
Q

Lower limit of White ARC represents

A

power-off stalling speed with flaps and landing gear in the landing position

44
Q

Lower limit of Green ARC represents

A

Power-off stalling speed with flaps/landing gear retracted or in a specified configuration

45
Q

Upper limit of green arc represents

A

Maximum Structural Cruising Speed (Vno)

46
Q

Vne

A

Never Exceed Speed - Maximum speed flown in calm air

47
Q

Red line of airspeed indicator represents

A

Never Exceed Speed (Vne)

48
Q

Wingtip Vortices are at greatest strength when the aircraft is

A

Heavy / Clean (flaps up) / Slow

49
Q

Wingtip Vortices _____ behind an airplane

A

Sink

50
Q

The condition that requires maximum caution when avoiding wake turbulence on landing is a

A

light quartering tailwind

51
Q

When landing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by

A

fly above landing aircraft flightpath and land beyond where the larger aircraft’s nose wheel touched the ground

52
Q

When departing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft

A

above and upwind from the heavy aircraft

53
Q

How does the wake turbulence vortex circulate around each wingtip

A

outward, upward, and around each tip

54
Q

________ caused by interference of Earth’s surface with airplane airflow patterns

A

Ground Effect

55
Q

Ground effect ______ lift and _____ drag

A

increased / decreases

56
Q

One problem of ground effect

A

in takeoff airplane may become airborne before reaching takeoff speed

57
Q

What is ground effect

A

The result of the interference of the surface of the earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane

58
Q

What does Vr mean?

A

Rotation speed. Recommended speed to start applying back pressure on the yoke, rotating the nose so, ideally, the aircraft lifts off the ground at VLOF.

59
Q

What does Vne mean?

A

Never-exceed speed — “red line.” Applies only to piston-powered airplanes. This speed is never more than 90 percent of VDF. G loads imposed by any turbulence can easily overstress an aircraft at this speed.

60
Q

What does Vg mean?

A

Best glide speed. This speed decreases as weight decreases.

61
Q

What does Vc mean?

A

Design cruising speed. Speed at which the aircraft was designed to cruise. The completed aircraft may actually cruise slower or faster than VC. It is the highest speed at which the structure must withstand the FAA’s hypothetical “standard 50 fps gust.”

62
Q

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the….

A

Speed of the airplane

63
Q

What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane

A

The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift

64
Q

Which color on the airspeed indicator identifies the power off stalling speed in a specified configuration?

A

the lower limit of the green arc

65
Q

During an approach to a stall, an increased load factor will cause the airplane to

A

Stall at a higher airspeed

Private Pilot (6 decks)

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