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Coops Crazy Adventure > Aero Gouge (New) > Flashcards

Aero Gouge (New) Flashcards

1
Q

What aggravates compressibility?

A

Decrease in air temperature

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2
Q

What are the main forces on the rotor blades?

A

Centrifugal and aerodynamic

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3
Q

If you input a cyclic control to lower blade pitch at 90 degrees, what happens?

A

TPP pitches back (aft)

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4
Q

What aggravates dynamic rollover?

A

Increase in collective

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5
Q

On a fully articulated rotor head…

A

Blades can flap and feather independently

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6
Q

Once per rotation vertical vibration is due to what?

A

Blade out of track

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7
Q

How can a CH-46 have two main rotors and no tail rotor?

A

The two rotors spin opposite of each other.

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8
Q

Transverse flow effect is felt when…

A

Only at lower airspeeds. (Approximately 10-20knts)

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9
Q

Ground effect is affected by airspeed? (T/F)

A

False, Ground effect is not effected by airspeed.

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10
Q

What is density altitude on a cold, dry day?

A

Low density altitude due to high air density.

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11
Q

Increased gross weight affects what?

A

a) Increase in power available
b) Increase in power required
c) Decrease in power available
d) No effect

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12
Q

What is true about retreating blade stall?

A

Turbulent air and abrupt maneuvering causes aircraft to pitch up and roll left

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13
Q

How does a rigid rotor flow allow for flapping?

A

Bending of the rotor head

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14
Q

A fully articulated rotor head does not incorporate

A

Flapping dampeners

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15
Q

Flapping causes the advancing blade to flap up and the CG to shift to the center of rotation causing?

A

An increase in Vrot, known as the Coriolis effect

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16
Q

On a semi rigid system, the tip path plane is a line through the tips of the rotors and?

A

a) Chordline
b) Rotor hub
c) AOA line
d) Pitch plane

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17
Q

What is true of a helicopter in a 30 degree AOB turn?

A

The total lift vector must increase causing increased G loading.

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18
Q

Linear velocity is parallel to the tip path plane and induced velocity is

A

Perpendicular to the tip path plane

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19
Q

In an auto-rotation flare, the rate of descent and _____ decrease and the ______ increases.

A

Airspeed; rotor RPM

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20
Q

Max glide airspeed in an auto-rotation is….

A

Higher than maximum endurance airspeed.

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21
Q

What are the characteristics of in-plane drag?

A

Anti-autorotative force in unpowered flight

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22
Q

When the pilot moves the cyclic forward, what happens to the mechanical axis with relation to the fuselage?

A

It remains stationary.

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23
Q

If not compensated for, a decrease in power will result in?

A

Yaw to the left due to anti-torque pedals

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24
Q

Ground effect is caused by?

A

Decrease in induced velocity, decrease in wingtip vortices

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25
Q

An increase in translational lift is due to?

A

A decrease in induced velocity

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26
Q

Flapping is caused by?

A

Dissymmetry of lift.

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27
Q

Flapping is…

A

Directly proportional to airspeed.

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28
Q

Flapping causes…

A

Blowback.

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29
Q

In an autorotation, higher than optimum main rotor RPM leads to?

A

Increase in rate of descent

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30
Q

On density altitude charts, 1000 ft, 20 degrees C, 80% RH leads to what DH?

A

2200 feet (looks like 2300 feet)

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31
Q

Contributing factors to retreating blade stall?

A

High gross weight, low rotor RPM, turbulent air

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32
Q

Lead and lag are used to compensate for what?

A

Coriolis effect

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33
Q

Profile drag is…

A

parallel to relative wind, perpendicular to lift.

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34
Q

T/F: Rotational velocities are faster at the root than at the tip.

A

False.

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35
Q

T/F: With 50% RH, air is half as dense.

A

False.

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36
Q

In a dynamic rollover situation, what must be true?

A

Lift produced must be close to weight.

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37
Q

Rotor blade vortices are…

A

The same as wingtip vortices.

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38
Q

What are the four regions of flow in an autorotation?

A

Prop, autorotative, stall, reverse flow

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39
Q

When the nose of the aircraft suddenly pitches up in high speed flight…

A

The pilot should NOT pull aft cyclic/ up collective.

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40
Q

For autorotation entry, what is required?

A

Reduce in-plane drag (lower collective), reverse induced velocity, maintain/regain Nr

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41
Q

Too much cyclic movement in the flare can cause what?

A

Increased Nr up to the windmill brake state.

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42
Q

In a semi-rigid rotor system, what allows flapping?

A

Horizontal hinge pin

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43
Q

In a conventional helicopter, the tail rotor can produce thrust to the left to

A

Counter transmission drag (DISPUTED)

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44
Q

In forward flight, in comparison to each other, the rotor blades have

A

Unequal lifting velocity, equal lifting moment, and unequal AOA

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45
Q

On airspeed vs. power required chart, a line from the origin that is tangent to the curve determines

A

Max range airspeed

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46
Q

Helicopter drift in the direction of rotor thrust in a hover is called what?

A

Translating tendency

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47
Q

As the AOA on a symmetric airfoil increases, what happens to the center of pressure?

A

Remains constant

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48
Q

During the flare portion of an autorotation, what causes the increase of rotor RPM?

A

The increase in lift due to the change in angle of attack on the main rotor blades (think about the change in induced flow)

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49
Q

For a constant RPM rotor, what causes upward bending of the rotor blades?

A

Increased lift is greater than increased centrifugal force.

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50
Q

What causes a slight descent in the first stages of forward flight?

A

Too much forward cyclic.

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51
Q

A _____ in Nr will cause a _____ in airspeed needed to enter retreating blade stall.

A

decrease; decrease

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52
Q

Air density will increase when temperature and humidity _____ and pressure _____

A

decrease; increases

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53
Q

To tip the tip path plane aft, where must the blade pitch be the greatest?

A

3 o’clock/ 90 degree position

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54
Q

What is the most effective method to stop dynamic rollover?

A

Steady smooth downward motion of the collective.

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55
Q

What limits Vne in straight and level flight?

A

Structural limitations and torque available.

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56
Q

At 100% humidity, how much water occupies the air by volume?

A

4%

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57
Q

Which of the following is not a requirement to enter an autorotation?

A

Left pedal trim.

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58
Q

During a steep approach at low airspeed you experience an uncommanded increase in the rate of descent. You may be experiencing what?

A

Vortex ring state.

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59
Q

On the H-V diagram, where would you not want to be?

A

Out of ground effect hover at 400 feet. Low altitude, high airspeed.

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60
Q

What are indications of entering retreating blade stall in order of occurrence?

A

Low frequency vibrations, nose pitches up, uncommanded left roll

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61
Q

During an autorotation, the inner section of the rotor system will be _____ due to _______.

A

stalled; excessive AOA

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62
Q

Your aircraft is power required greater than power available. Placing the collective down will…

A

increase the rate of descent

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63
Q

High frequency vibrations/ buzzing could be caused by?

A

The Barbell Shaft

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64
Q

What effect will a headwind have on max range airspeed?

A

It will increase the airspeed for max range.

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65
Q

What is true regarding rotor blade vortices?

A

They are similar to wingtip vortices produced by an airplane in forward flight.

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66
Q

The virtual axis…

A

Perpendicular to the tip path plane.

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67
Q

Moving the cyclic will do what to the rotor blades?

A

Cause an equal change in blade pitch but in opposite direction.

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68
Q

If settling occurs with a reduced airspeed at max power, what should be done to ensure level flight?

A

Return to the original airspeed

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69
Q

If experiencing vortex ring state, what actions should be taken?

A

Forward cyclic and slight reduction of collective.

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70
Q

During the initial phase of dissymmetry of lift, the advancing blade feels increased linear flow, thus increasing ____ and increasing aerodynamic force causing the blade to flap ____.

A

AOA; up

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71
Q

A destructive vibration occurring in the rotor system when the aircraft is in contact with the ground is?

A

Ground resonance.

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72
Q

If flying in the low/fast portion of the height/velocity diagram, why is this dangerous?

A

Plot reaction time. (a distractor is severity of maneuver, this is NOT the correct answer. Also this is not the exact
wording of the question…)

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73
Q

While in unpowered flight if _____ increases, ______ also increases.

A

induced flow; AOA

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74
Q

Hydrogen (not nitrogen) makes up how much of the atmosphere?

A

Less than 1%

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75
Q

During the flare of an autorotation, rapid cyclic input may cause?

A

Rotor overspeed

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76
Q

In high velocity forward flight, decreased induced velocity and increased AOA may lead the retreating blade to?

A

Stall

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77
Q

On a cold, dry day, one would expect the density altitude to…

A

Decrease and air density to increase.

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78
Q

In a fully articulated rotor system, blades are able to…

A

Flap, feather, and Hunt (Lead/Lag) independently

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79
Q

Cockpit gauges indicate high TOT, high Ng, high rate of descent, and decaying Nr. You are experiencing
________?

A

Pr>Pa

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80
Q

Cockpit gauges indicate high TOT, high Ng, high rate of descent, and normal Nr. You are experiencing
__________?

A

Vortex Ring State

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81
Q

Mast Bumping occurs in what type of rotor system?

A

Semi-rigid

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82
Q

Primary cause for mast bumping…

A

Low G’s

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83
Q

Recovery from mast bumping…

A

Aft cyclic then center (According to the test, this is a more appropriate initial step than a collective input)

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84
Q

Geometric imbalance is compensated for using…

A

Underslinging.

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85
Q

Max Ng and TOT at a constant forward airspeed with Nr decreasing is an indication of what condition and what
should the pilot do?

A

Pr>Pa and the pilot should accelerate/decelerate to max endurance airspeed.

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86
Q

Air density increases as temperature and humidity _____ and pressure_____.

A

Decrease…increase.

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87
Q

Air at 50% humidity is half as dense as Dry Air.

A

False.

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88
Q

As outside air temp increases, what will happen?

A

Air density decreases.

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89
Q

A plane defined by tips of rotor blades is…

A

Tip path plane.

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90
Q

In a rotating system the linear flow is greatest at blade root and least at the blade tip.

A

False.

91
Q

Induced drag is created as a result of the production of _____ and in-plane drag is the sum of the _____ in the
plane of rotation.

A

Lift; decelerating forces.

92
Q

T/F: As density altitude increases, the power required will increase because the rotor blade is/are less efficient.

A

True.

93
Q

A decrease in air density will…

A

decrease rotor efficiency.

94
Q

Which of the following factors affects density altitude?

A

Humidity and temperature.

95
Q

Density altitude is pressure altitude corrected for

A

Humidity and temperature.

96
Q

On a cool, dry day one would expect…

A

the density altitude to be low and the air density to be high.

97
Q

Rate of descent in autorotation is affected by which of the following…

A

Nr.

98
Q

As temp increases above standard day conditions, density altitude will decrease.

A

False.

99
Q

Pressure altitude is based upon which of the following elements…

A

Standard atmosphere.

100
Q

What is pressure altitude?

A

Altitude corresponding to particular static air pressure in standard atmosphere

101
Q

Aircraft altimeters are constructed for the pressure-height relationship and can determine the pressure altitude by dialing in ______.

A

29.92

102
Q

By volume, hydrogen is approximately what percent of the earth”s atmosphere?

A

Less than one.

103
Q

Water composes approximately ____ of air by volume at 100% humidity.

A

4%

104
Q

High twist angles on a rotor blade are limited due to which of the following

A

High speeds.

105
Q

Constructing a rotor blade so that it’s pitch angle increases as you go from the tip to the root is called

A

Geometric twisting

106
Q

Which of the following results are characteristic of geometric twisting:

A

Improves helicopters performance by making lift distribution along the blade more uniform.

107
Q

Using a ____ airfoil will eliminate rotor blade pitching moments

A

Symmetrical.

108
Q

Two major forces acting on the rotor head arc are:

A

Centrifugal and aerodynamic

109
Q

Power required to rotate a rotor system is directly proportional to

A

In-plane drag.

110
Q

In powered flight, when linear flow increases, which of the following changes will occur

A

AOA increases.

111
Q

In powered flight, as induced flow increases, the AOA

A

decreases.

112
Q

As you increase density altitude, the power required/power available chart will show a/an

A

Decrease in max power available.

113
Q

AOA is found between the chord line and the:

A

Relative wind.

114
Q

On the blade element diagram, the relative wind vector is the result of ___ and ___ vectors

A

Induced flow; linear flow.

115
Q

What component counteracts main rotor torque in a hover:

A

Tail rotor.

116
Q

Which of the following functions does the tail rotor serve:

A

Controls aircraft about vertical axis.

117
Q

In a single rotor helicopter, movement of the directional control pedals will:

A

vary the pitch of the tail rotor blades.

118
Q

During ground resonance, if unable to takeoff, the pilot should:

A

shut down the engine and apply the rotor brake.

119
Q

Rotor tip vortices:

A

are created by high pressure air below the airfoil flowing to low pressure air above it.

120
Q

Helicopter A weights 23,000 lbs and helicopter B weighs 22,000 lbs. Which produces more intense rotor tip vortices:

A

Helo A.

121
Q

What two forces determine coning angle:

A

aerodynamic force and centrifugal force.

122
Q

Linear flow is parallel to tip plane path while induced flow is…

A

perpendicular to tip path plane.

123
Q

Within it’s envelope, when there is a ______ in AOA, there is a corresponding increase in the _____

A

increase; lift

124
Q

Using a ____ airfoil will increase rotor blade pitching moments

A

non-symmetrical

125
Q

What is the extension of the centerline of the rotor mast called…

A

mechanical axis

126
Q

Which of the following is a description of the virtual axis?

A

an apparent axis about which the rotor system appears to turn

127
Q

What is the actual axis of rotation in forward flight?

A

mechanical axis

128
Q

More power is available for the main rotor system in forward flight because of the:

A

vertical stabilizer

129
Q

Tail rotor loading is decreased in forward flight by which of the following effects?

A

vertical stab lift, weather vaning effect

130
Q

Since the tail rotor is a thrust producer, in what direction does the tail rotor cause the helo to drift?

A

Right.

131
Q

A system having an even number of rotor systems of the same design rotating in opposite directions:

A

is effective since both torque effects balance each other out.

132
Q

In multi-rotor systems, the torque effect is compensated by having an ___ number of rotor systems rotating in ___ directions

A

even; opposite

133
Q

During hovering right turn, you may experience a sudden uncommanded right yaw caused by:

A

main rotor vortices.

134
Q

In the TH-57 torque effect created by the main rotor system causes the fuselage to rotate:

A

clockwise

135
Q

What will happen to the fuselage when you add power:

A

Yaw to the right due to torque effect.

136
Q

Increase in helo weight causes what reaction?

A

Increase in power required.

137
Q

Power required is always increased by both:

A

Increase in DA and weight.

138
Q

What is the lowest point on the power required versus airspeed curve?

A

Max rate of climb.

139
Q

During reaward flight the TPP is perpendicular to the:

A

virtual axis.

140
Q

When the pilot of a th-57 helicopter moves the cyclic stick forward, the mechanical axis will ___ with respect to the fuselage.

A

remain stationary

141
Q

In a single rotor helicopter, moving the center of gravity forward will:

A

require aft cyclic control movement to maintain original attitude.

142
Q

With an engine loss in a hover, the pilot must move the ___ to the___ when the failure occurs to compensate for the reduced tail rotor thrust

A

cyclic; right

143
Q

The main rotor must be tilted to the ___ in order to counter the affect of the tail rotor, thus the helicopter will tend to land on the ___ skid first

A

left; right

144
Q

The virtual axis of a rotor system always remains perpendicular to the:

A

tip path plane

145
Q

When making a vertical takeoff, what will happen to the tail rotor power requirements:

A

increase

146
Q

In a no-wind hover, a pedal turn to the ___ in the th-57 would cause the tail rotor to demand ___ power.

A

left; more

147
Q

The fully articulated head allows lead lag by ____ and flapping by ___.

A

vertical hinge pin; horizontal hinge pin

148
Q

In order to tilt the rotor disc to the left, blade pitch must decrease at the ___ and increase at the ___ positions

A

12 o’clock; 6 o’clock

149
Q

Which of the following characteristics is associated w/ best range airspeed…

A

increases with a headwind

150
Q

The additional performance produced by the rotor system because of forward flight is called…

A

translational lift.

151
Q

One phenomena which decreases power required while hovering in ground effect is:

A

reduction of induced flow.

152
Q

Max power for climb:

A

is available at max endurance airspeed.

153
Q

An increase in density altitude:

A

has no effect on max endurance airspeed.

154
Q

Best range airspeed in a no-wind situation is:

A

is located at the point where a line drawn from the origin becomes tangent to the power required curve.

155
Q

In a single rotor helo, a change in fuselage center of gravity location will result in:

A

opposite proportional change in cyclic position to maintain a hover.

156
Q

If while in a hover, the helo enters uncontrolled flight to right even though pilot has applied full left cyclic, the helo may:

A

have exceeded right center of gravity limits.

157
Q

With an aft center of gravity shift on helos, the nose attitude will move ____ and the pilot must compensate with ___ cyclic:

A

up; forward.

158
Q

What effect does airspeed have on rotor blade flapping?

A

increased airspeed; increased flapping.

159
Q

What statement reflects blade flapping in forward flight?

A

Varies the angle of attack on the blades.

160
Q

Because of the effect of blowback while accelerating in forward flight, what must you do to maintain level flight?

A

Trim cyclic forward

161
Q

To compensate for dysemetry of in a semirigid rotor system in forward flight, the blades will do which of the following actions:

A

advancing blade flaps up and retreating blades flap down

162
Q

Disymetry of linear flow experienced by the rotor blade in forward flight causes the blade to do which of the following motions?

A

Retreating blade flaps down and induced flow decreases

163
Q

During the initial phase of disymetry of lift and the resulting flapping effect, the advancing blade feels increasing linear flow, thus increasing ____ and increasing aerodynamic force causing the blade to flap ____

A

induced flow; up

164
Q

Translational lift increases available lift due to:

A

decrease induced flow

165
Q

Translational lift is increased while:

A

increasing forward airspeed

166
Q

Which of the following characteristics is related to a semirigid rotor system?

A

flapping is accomplished by a horizontal hinge pin (trunion)

167
Q

Max range airspeed of a helo in an autorotation:

A

higher than maximum endurance TAS

168
Q

Which of the following characteristics best describes powered flight best range airspeed?

A

lower with a prevailing tailwind

169
Q

Powered flight best range airspeed will:

A

increase with a headwind

170
Q

Ground effect increases lift when the rotor system is operating within approximately one rotor diamter surface by:

A

decreasing induced flow

171
Q

Ground effect

A

is not effected by airspeed.

172
Q

Fore and aft asymmetry of lift, or transverse flow, continue in forward flight due to…

A

coning

173
Q

Flapping action of rotor blades while transitioning to forward flight will…

A

cause blowback.

174
Q

What will occur when centers of mass in rotor blades are at different radii to the mechanical axis?

A

geometric imbalance.

175
Q

The solution to geometric imbalance in the semirigid rotor system is…

A

The underslung configurations.

176
Q

Flapping of the rotor blades in forward flight will…

A

be directly proportional to airspeeds.

177
Q

Without flapping in forward flight, the helo would develop what phenomenon?

A

disymetry of lift

178
Q

The semi-rigid rotor head compensates for dissymetry of lift by:

A

horizontal hinge pins.

179
Q

When the pro-autorotative forces equal in-plane drag, the rotor RPM will be:

A

stabilized.

180
Q

The ____ which enable the pilot to ____ RPM during autorotative flight

A

pro-autorotative force; increase

181
Q

Anti autorotative forces…

A

will cause the rotor system to decelerate

182
Q

When transitioning into forward flight the aircraft will settle because of…

A

ground vortex.

183
Q

When first transitioning to forward flight, _____ power may be required because of the effect of ____

A

more; ground effect

184
Q

What is the self-induced rotation of a rotor system in unpowered flight

A

autorotation

185
Q

Ground effect is caused by:

A

decrease in induced flow and wingtip vortices

186
Q

Geometric imbalance is alleviated in a rigid rotor head by:

A

bending of the rotor head

187
Q

Which of the following statements is characteristic of geometric imbalance in the semirigid rotor system:

A

Is nearly eliminated by aligning the blade’s center of mass with the centerline of the flapping hinge

188
Q

The internal vibration as a rotor system goes into forward flight (at approximately 10-15 knots) is caused by

A

transverse flow

189
Q

Less than optimum airspeed during autorotative flight will have which of the following results:

A

increased rate of descent

190
Q

When flying at low altitude, high speed, successful transition to a safe autorotation is unlikely due to:

A

pilot reaction time

191
Q

Flying in the shaded portions of the height velocity diagram:

A

is not recommended in case of engine failure.

192
Q

During the flare at the end of an autorotation, the ____ flow vector ___. The resulting increase in angle of attack creates more lift.

A

induced; increases

193
Q

An autorotative flare will increase rotor RPM and:

A

decrease A/S and decrease rate of descent.

194
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning in-plane drag…

A

Anti-autorotative force in unpowered flight

195
Q

Anti autorotative force _____ when the pilot ____ the collective in autorotative flight.

A

increase; raises

196
Q

Successful autorotative entry does not include which of the following requirements

A

Up collective to slow rate of descent.

197
Q

In unpowered flight, the ____ is reversed.

A

induced flow

198
Q

During unpowered flight, which of the following vectors is reversed?

A

induced flow

199
Q

If the resultant aero forces vector of a blade element is forward of the vertical, then the blade element is:

A

pro-autorotative

200
Q

When does the vortex ring state take place?

A

when a/c settles into its own downwash and rotor vertices

201
Q

If vibrations and loss of control response occurs during a steep approach of less than 40 knots and rate of descent greater than 800 fpm, the helo is probably

A

Entering a vortex ring state condition.

202
Q

Concerning the height-velocity diagram, what conditions should be avoided?

A

hovering out of ground effect below 100ft.

203
Q

In forward flight, retreating blade stall causes a nose up pitching moment because of:

A

phase lag action on the stalled sector of the rotor diameter.

204
Q

The increased angle of attack, on the retreating blade at high forward airspeed may cause…

A

blade stall.

205
Q

During an autorotation, the inner section of the rotor system will be ___ due to the ___.

A

stalled; excessive AOA

206
Q

Two factors that affect autorotative rate of descent are:

A

airspeed and rotor RPM

207
Q

During autorotation rotor speeds below optimum RPM…

A

will cause a increase in rate of descent.

208
Q

During the transition to unpowered flight, ____ maintains rotor speed until induced flow is fully reversed

A

inertia

209
Q

IOT transition from powered to unpowered flight you must do which , if any, of the following actions?

A

reduce inplane drag, reverse induced flow, regain and maintain RPM

210
Q

The constant RPM of a rotor system in autorotation will stabilize at a constant value when which of the following actions take place?

A

pro-autorotative forces are equal to the anti-autorotative forces

211
Q

An increased induced flow occurring at low rotor heights and approximately 15 knots is:

A

Ground vortex

212
Q

An undesirable structural twisting of the main rotor blade at or near the speed of sound could occur because of:

A

compressibility

213
Q

Recovery from compressibility may include the following steps…

A

decrease Nr, decrease airspeed, decrease DA

214
Q

____ frequency vibrations can be caused by a loose aircraft component vibrating sympathetically with the rotor system

A

?

215
Q

Which of the following may contribute to the rolling tendency during dynamic rollover?

A

increased collective

216
Q

Which, if any, of the following actions is the most effective way to stop a rolling motion and prevent dynamic rollover

A

a smooth moderate collective reduction

217
Q

Which of the following actions contribute to mast bumping

A

Low G maneuvers

218
Q

If settling is encountered, with a reduced airspeed at maximum power, what should be regained to insure level flight

A

Maximum endurance airspeed

219
Q

What is ground resonance?

A

Destructive vibrations

220
Q

A destructive vibration in the rotor system when the aircraft is in contact with the ground is:

A

ground resonance

221
Q

In the event of vortex ring state the pilot should apply:

A

slight down collective and forward cyclic

222
Q

With the cockpit indication of increased rate of descent, high Ng, high TOT, decaying Nr, the pilot is experiencing

A

Power required exceeding power available

223
Q

When experiencing Pr

A

high Ng and decaying Nr

Coops Crazy Adventure (14 decks)

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