AE3 - exam 1

Question 1

Agnosia

Answer 1

the inability to recognize objects and is a manifestation of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease.

Question 2

Apraxia

Answer 2

the inability to recognize speech and is a manifestation of dementia or Alzheimer’s disease

Question 3

Dystonia

Answer 3

involuntary muscle contractions forcing unusual or painful positions and is an extrapyramidal manifestation of Parkinson’s disease.

Question 4

Chorea

Answer 4

involuntary twitching of the limbs or facial muscles which is an extrapyramidal manifestation of Parkinson’s disease.

Question 5

Rigid extremities are a characteristic of a ____seizure

Answer 5

tonic

Question 6

Rhythmic jerking of the muscles is a _____ seizure

Answer 6

myoclonic

Question 7

A period of rigidity followed by rhythmic jerking or flexion of the extremities is characteristic of ______ seizures.

Answer 7

grand mal

Question 8

The NIH Stroke Scale is used to consciousness.

Answer 8

gauge the degree of cerebral infarction by determining level of

Question 9

SPICES stands for

Answer 9

sleep disorders, problems with eating or feeding, incontinence, confusion, and evidence of falls.

Question 10

4 cardinal symptoms of parkinson’s

Answer 10

(1) Resting Tremor – usually first symptom that prompts seeking medical attention
(1) E.g. when they’re at rest, they have shaking hands
(2) Bradykinesia – slowness of movement
(3) Rigidity – cogwheel rigidity with passive movement
(4) Postural Instability – disturbed balance and leaning forward, stooped posture

Question 11

Risk factors for parkinson’s

Answer 11

 Age – the most important risk factor
 Family history & genetic factors (alpha-synuclein, parkin, ubiquitin)
 Race/ethnicity - caucasians
 Male gender
 Declining estrogen levels
 Agricultural work (exposure to pesticides, herbicides)
 Head trauma

Question 12

Recommended daily salt intake

Answer 12

1500mg/day

Question 13

What’s the AHA recommended exercise for healthy ppl without cardiac disease?

Answer 13

30 min of moderate activity at least 5 days/week and 25 min of vigorous activity 3 days/week

Question 14

what’s the AHA recommended exercise for ppl with known HTN

Answer 14

40 min of moderate to vigorous activity 3-4 days/week

Question 15

The leading cause of PAD is

Answer 15

*atherosclerosis (plaque build up) which causes a gradual thickening and narrowing of the vessel lumen:

Question 16

In addition to atherosclerosis, what are other contributing risk factors for PAD

Answer 16

	Hyperlipidemia
	***Cigarette smoking- (this is HUGE. If you smoke, you have a 20% chance of losing a limb)
	Hypertension 
	Diabetes mellitus
	Obesity
	Family history
	Advanced age
	More common in African americans
	Can be mistaken for back problems (bc these pts have back or hip pain, something it’s misdiagnosed)

Question 17

Most common location of PAD?

Answer 17

 Femoral-popliteal area is most common site in non- diabetics
 Diabetics – distal arteries below the knees – anterior/posterior tibial

Question 18

Stages of PAD

Answer 18

Stage I: Asymptomatic (might have plaque and decreased pulses but no Sx)
Stage II: Claudication
Stage III: Rest Pain (typically worse at night, numbing or burning in toes or ankles. Relieved be sitting up in a chair with legs danglingallows blood to flow to feet by gravity)
Stage IV: Necrosis, gangrene, ulcers (this often requires amputation)

Question 19

When thinking about PAD, we should think about what 6 P’s?

Answer 19

• Pain
• Pallor
• Paresthesia
• Pulselessness
• Paralysis
• Poikilothermia (coolness of extremities)

Question 20

What is an ankle brachial index?

Answer 20

-Ratio of ankle SBP to brachial SBP (divide ankle by brachial)
 Sometimes diabetic pts can have falsely elevated ABIs
-ABI can help to diagnose PAD

 1.0 Normal
 0.95 – 0.50 Mild to moderate insufficiency


Question 21

What is the normal range of IOP?

Answer 21

Norm: 10-21mmHg