AE S1 Flashcards
breakdown of living tissue by action of microorganisms (usually inflammatory)
sepsis
avoiding or preventing sepsis
asepsis
attempt to keep patients, health care staff
and objects as free as possible from
infection causing agents
medical asepsis
attempt to prevent microbes from gaining
access to surgically created wounds
surgical asepsis
bacteriostatic chemical applied to living things
antiseptic (i.e. povidone iodine)
bacteriostatic chemical used on inanimate objects
disinfectant (i.e. Lysol)
absolute state of absence of all forms of
viable microorganisms
sterility
total destruction of all living
microorganisms on any inanimate object or
instrument; not possible in animate surface
sterilization
reduction of number of viable
microorganisms to levels judged safe by
public health standards ( not the same as
sterilization )
sanitation
similar to sanitization except that it is not
connected to public health standards
To make as clean as possible (not to
disinfect nor s)terilize
decontamination
infection passed on from one person to another
cross infection
Destruction of most microorganisms but not
necessarily all microorganisms (sterility); resistant spores still survive
disinfection
presence of pathogenic microorganisms in the body following invasion by contaminated material
infection
infection originating from within one’s own body
endogenous infection
infection from an external source
exogenous infection
method or device by which microbes are transmitted from one place or person to another place or person
vector
measure of the ease with which a microorganism breaks down the body’s defenses
virulence
infective particle composed of protein and nucleic acid
virus
a condition when a person’s natural
immune or defense system is capable of
fighting infection
immunocompetent
a reduction in a person’s natural immunity
due to disease process
immunocompromised
a reduction in a person’s natural immunity
due to medication
immunosuppressed
pre-operative assessment
- chief complaint
- HPI
- family history
- personal and social history
- medical history
- review of systems
- dental history
- clinical examination
symptom vs sign
(symptom) what the px feels or sees for themselves
(sign) what a dentist/physician perceives from the px
how to take HPI
OLD CHART
- onset
- location
- duration
- characteristic symptoms
- associated manifestations
- relieving/exacerbating factors
- treatment
what to use if px is allergic to latex gloves
nitrile gloves
what to use if px is allergic to amide and ester LA
use diphenhydramine/benadryl (injectable antihystamine; 1.5-2ml, same fx of anesthesia for 30 mins)
effects of oral contraceptives in OS
imbalanced hormones -> increased estrogen -> causes blood clot to dislodge -> dry socket -> delayed healing
LA to avoid if px has liver disease
amide LA
LA to avoid if px has cholinesterase deficiency
ester LA
example of relieving dental anxiety via anxiolytics
benzodiazepines (i.e. diazepam)
normal BP
less than 120/80 mmHg
BP: pre hypertension
120-139/80-89
BP: stage I hypertension
140-159/90-99
BP: stage II hypertension
≥160/≥100
BP: hypertensive crisis
≥180/≥120
hypertension treatments
- ACE inhibitors
- angiotensin receptor blockers
- beta blockers
- calcium channel blockers
- diuretics
hypertension tx: ACE inhibitors
- benazepril
- captopril
- enalapril
- fosinopril
hypertension tx: angiotensin receptor blockers
- candesartan
- eprosartan
- losartan
hypertension tx: beta blockers
- propranolol
- timolol
- nadolol
- pindolol
hypertension tx: calcium channel blockers
- amlodipine
- felodipine
hypertension tx: diuretics
- indapamine
- metalozone
- metolazone
normal pulse rate
60-100 bpm
where to check pulse rate
- radial artery
- carotid artery
how to check pulse rate
count pulse in 1 min or 30 secs x 2
increased pulse rate
tachycardia
decreased pulse rate
bradycardia
normal respiratory rate
12-20 breaths per minute
increased respiratory rate
tachypnea
decreased respiratory rate
bradypnea
normal temperature
37C
pyrexia/fever
37.2C-37.5C
hyperpyrexia
41.1C
hypothermia
below 35C
short acting anesthesia (30 mins)
mepivacaine 3%
intermediate acting anesthesia (60 mins)
- articaine 4% w 1:100,000 epi
- lidocaine 2% with 1:100,000 epi
- lidocaine 2% with 1:80,000 epi
long acting anesthesia (>90 mins)
bupivacaine 0.5% with 1:200,000 epi
possible indications of ankle swelling/edema during the day
- CHF
- pregnancy
- varicose veins
- kidney failure
possible indications of sudden or unexplained increase in weight of more than 10lbs in the past year
heart failure
possible indications of sudden or unexplained decrease in weight of more than 10lbs in the past year
- cancer
- diabetes mellitus
possible indications of waking up with shortness of breath
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (CHF; left side heart failure)
classification: ASA I
healthy px
classification: ASA II
px with mild systemic disease; under control
classification: ASA III
px with severe systemic diseases that limits activity but is not incapacitating or w/ 2 systemic diseases
classification: ASA IV
px w/ incapacitating systemic disease that is a constant threat to life
classification: ASA V
moribund px not expected to survive 24 hrs w/ or w/o operatiion
classification: ASA VI
declared brain-dead px whose organs are being removed for donor purposes
conditions: ASA I
healthy px
conditions: ASA II
- mild hypertension
- well controlled DM
- asthma
- rheumatic heart or congenital w/o disability
- Hepa B w/o active disease process
conditions: ASA III
- coronary artery disease
- emphysema
- uncontrolled DM
- hyperthyroidism
- adrenal insufficiency
- severe liver &/or kidney
dysfunction - CHF
conditions: ASA IV
- MI or CVA within 6 mos.
- intractable angina pectoris
- dyspnea at rest
general anxiety reduction program: pre-op
- hypnotic agent
- sedative agent
- morning appointment
general anxiety reduction program: during appointment
- non-pharmacologic means of anxiety control
- pharmacologic means of anxiety control
non-pharmacologic means of anxiety control
- frequent verbal reassurances
- distracting conversations
- no surprises, no unnecessary noise
- surgical instruments out of patient’s site
- relaxing background music
- no stress-producing conversations
- no clanging of instruments
pharmacologic means of anxiety control
- LA of sufficient intensity and duration
- nitrous oxide (not in PH)
general anxiety reduction program: post-op
- clear post-op instructions and meds
- inform px of possible post op sequelae
- further reassurance
- effective analgesics
- give contact numbers px can call for questions and
concerns - call px at home night after surgery to reassure and
empathize
pre-medications 1 hr before surgery to decrease px’s anxiety levels: tranquilizers
(benzodiazepenes)
- diazepam
- triazolam
- midazolam
- flurazepam
(hypertension) if px takes beta-blockers
- use 3% mepivacaine w/o epinephrine
(hypertension) if px takes calcium channel blockers
- avoid erythromycin
- avoid clarithromycin
- avoid long term use of NSAID
possible drugs myocardial infarction px may be taking
- plavix (stronger anticoagulant)
- aspirin (blood thinner)
drugs to avoid for renal dialysis px
- nephrotoxic drugs (esters, NSAIDs, dyes)
how many days until dental appointment can be made for px who just had dialysis
2 days after renal dialysis
