AE 211 Quiz 2

Question 1

Hazard

Answer 1

ex. shark, smoking; something that could cause harm – without respect to probability

Question 2

Risk

Answer 2

ex. swimming with sharks or smoking has a specific fatality rate; probability that a hazard will produce a harmful outcome

Question 3

Voluntary vs. Involuntary Risk

Answer 3

voluntary: assumed freely; could easily be avoided
involuntary: assumed out of necessity; no alternatives available

Question 4

Liability

Answer 4

risk assumed by professionals; Consequence of designing products whose performance or failure to perform may cause injury or property damage

Question 5

Standard of Care

Answer 5

the degree of care a reasonable person would take to prevent an injury to another; that level or quality of service ordinarily provided by other normally competent practitioners of good standing in that field, contemporaneously providing similar services in the same locality and under the same circumstances.

Question 6

Impacts of Inadequate IAQ

Answer 6

Dissatisfaction with indoor environment
Diminished productivity
Health effects: Allergies and asthma, Chronic disease, Cancer, Acute toxicity, Infectious disease, effects for 7.8% of population with asthma, 25% with allergies healthcare associated infections

Question 7

Types of Hazards

Answer 7

Natural
Intentional Acts
Building Related

Question 8

Nasopharyngeal/head airways

Answer 8

nostrils to larynx (throat)
heat and humidity control; nose-breathing for light activity, mouth for more intense activity, sneezing defense
deposition peaks at 10 micrometers and .001 micrometers

Question 9

Tracheobronchial

Answer 9

trachea (windpipe), bronchi (two big branches), bronchioles (little branches)
ducts, cilia, divides 20-25 times before alveoli
deposition peaks between .01 micrometers and .001 micrometers

Question 10

Pulmonary/Alveolar

Answer 10

lungs, alveoli
gas exchange with blood, 300-500 million, 143 square meters, coughing defense
deposition peaks around .01 micrometers

Question 11

Types of dosage

Answer 11

Exposure- how much present in environment
Inhaled- how much reaches lungs
Absorbed- how much taken into body

Question 12

Inhalation Rate

Answer 12

peaks at about 16 cubic meters per day 16-21 years old,, multiply by exposure rate to get inhaled rate

Question 13

Particle deposition

Answer 13

varies depending on particle size and location, peaks in general at about 10 micrometers and under .01 micrometers

Question 14

Types of Air Contaminants

Answer 14

Particles
Gases- asphyxiants, toxic
Aerosols- inorganic or bioaerosols
Microorganisms
general effects: asphyxiation, eye and skin irritation, respiratory disease, systemic disease (infection/organ damage)

Question 15

Sick Building Syndrome

Answer 15

hard to diagnose, but generally involve large numbers of occupants showing symptoms that lessen when removed from the building
symptoms include Sensory irritation of eye, nose and throat; Skin irritation; Odor and taste; Non-specific hypersensitivity reactions
30% of new or renovated buildings in 1984
causes include building materials, maintenance, and equipment emissions

Question 16

Loss

Answer 16

fatalities, injuries, lost workdays, illnesses; usually measured per unit of activity (deaths/mile of track laid)

Question 17

Gaseous Air Contaminants

Answer 17

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
Semi-VOCs
Ozone
Radon

Question 18

VOCs

Answer 18

come from building materials
irritation, organ damage, cancer, neurotoxicity, mucous membrane irritation, asthma
Formaldehyde, napthalene, chloroform, benzene…

Question 19

SVOCs

Answer 19

less volatile (harder to turn into vapors), more surfaces and particles
endocrine disruptors, asthma trigger, neurotoxicity
plasticizers, fire retardants, pesticides

Question 20

SVOCs

Answer 20

less volatile (harder to turn into vapors), more surfaces and particles
endocrine disruptors, asthma trigger, neurotoxicity
plasticizers, fire retardants, pesticides

Question 21

Ozone

Answer 21

O3, outdoor reaction of nitrogen oxides with sunlight or from indoor products ("air cleaners")
respiratory irritant (acute and chronic)
concern in urban areas (traffic)

Question 22

Radon

Answer 22

gas enters house through foundation or water, drawn in by HVAC, wind, stack effect, fix with sub-slab depressurization
uranium ore, phosphate rock, shale, metamorphic rock

Question 23

Combustion Products

Answer 23

Coal, natural gas, wood, biomass; combustion indoors; Vented and unvented heaters; Candles; Indoor machinery
Particulates and CO, NO/NO2, SO2
CO poisoning, lung disease

Question 24

Aerosol Air Contaminants

Answer 24

largest to smallest: inhalable, respirable/fine, ultrafine
smaller is worse
range from dust to viruses to spores to smoke/fumes

Question 25

Asbestos

Answer 25

fibrous silicate, still in older buildings, inhalable

asbestosis lung scarring, pleural disease tissue thickening, mesothelioma cancer

Question 26

Infectious Bioaersols

Answer 26

viruses, bacteria, fungi/mold

airborne, fomite, physical contact, water/food, vector,

Question 27

Legionella

Answer 27

severe pneumonia (Legionaire’s disease)
plumbing systems, cooling towers, fountains, hot tubs
issue with water treatment or temperature

Question 28

Fungi

Answer 28

“mold and mildew”
filamentous microorganisms
masses called mycelia grow on permeable or impermeable surfaces
feed on non-living organic parts of building materials
need water
aerosols includ VOCs, spores, mycotoxins