Advantages of using Participant observation

Question 1

Practical (FATS)

Access in Covert Research (FATS)
Covert research may be the only way to access certain groups, especially those engaged in illegal activities, as they are unlikely to agree to interviews or be truthful. Developing a rapport allows researchers to uncover hidden details. For example, in James Patrick’s study of a Glasgow gang, members shared how they hid knives—information unlikely to be discovered through other methods.

Answer 1

Linked Disadvantage (AO3)
Gaining access can be difficult, requiring a contact, the right personal characteristics (e.g., age, ethnicity, gender), and preparation (e.g., clothing, slang). Patrick gained access through his contact, Tim, who helped him blend in by advising him on dress and language.

Question 2

Theoretical
This research provides rich, qualitative data by allowing researchers to develop verstehen (empathetic understanding) through direct participation. This helps uncover the group’s subjective worldview. For example, James Patrick’s involvement in gang activities, such as vandalizing a library, gave him deeper insight into their perspective—an advantage for interpretivists.

Answer 2

Linked Disadvantage (AO3)
Getting too involved may lead to “going native,” where the researcher becomes too close to the group, losing objectivity. This can make the research overly subjective if the researcher sympathizes with or sides with the group.

Question 3

Theoretical
Participant observation is flexible, allowing researchers to “go with the flow” and observe events as they happen. This can lead to new insights and unexpected discoveries. Interpretivists see this as beneficial, as it aligns with their ‘bottom-up’ approach to understanding group worldviews naturally.

Answer 3

Linked Disadvantage (AO3)
However, this flexibility makes each observation unique and non-replicable, reducing reliability. Since the method lacks standardization, positivists see it as a disadvantage because it cannot establish social facts.

Question 4

Validity
Once trust is established, researchers can observe a group’s natural behavior without interference. Conducting research covertly increases validity by preventing the Hawthorne Effect, ensuring participants do not alter their behavior. This benefits interpretivists, as it allows them to gain an authentic understanding of the group.

Answer 4

Linked Disadvantage (AO3)
However, covert participant observation raises ethical concerns, including deception, lack of informed consent, and denying participants their rights.