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Clinical Research FINAL > Advanced Biostatistics 1 > Flashcards

Advanced Biostatistics 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of data?

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Continuous

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2
Q

What type of distribution?

A

Normal
Poisson
Binomial

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3
Q

Define dependent variable

A

The variable you are most interested in

The outcome

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4
Q

Define independent variable

A

The variable that affects the dependent variable
Covariates
Predictors
Risk Factors

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5
Q

Define Nominal

A

Data divided into mutually exclusive groups
Yes/No
Female/Male

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6
Q

Define Ordinal

A

Prescence of clearly defined hierarchy

Military rank

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7
Q

Define continuous

A 
Interval Scale (temp)
Ratio (mass, weight, pressure)
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8
Q

Define Parametric

A

Data can be described with 2 parameters (mean and SD)

Statistical test

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9
Q

What do statistical test do?

A 
Compare the equivalence of parametric definers
More powerful
Many assumptions (normally distributed, homoscedastic groups)
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10
Q

Non-parametric

A

Compares equivalences of ranks
1 assumption: independently and randomly collected samples
Require larger sample sizes to reach power
Difficult to manipulate if there are ties

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11
Q

Define Independent sample

A

Subjects are chosen independently from a population

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12
Q

Define Paired Sample

A

Units in teh samples are carefully matched in pairs so that each pair are as similar as possible (twin studies)

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13
Q

Statistical Test for Nominal data?

A

X2
Fisher’s exact test (ns (paired)
Mantel-Haenszel (controls confounders)

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14
Q

Statistical Test for Ordinal data?

A 
Vilcoxon rank sum (Unpaired 2 grps)
Mann Whitney U (2 grps)
Wilcoxon signed rank (paired)
Kruskal Wallis (3+ grps)
Friedman (crossover)

All work on continuous data except friedmans

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15
Q

Statistical Test for Continuous data?

A

Student’s t-test (2 grps or corrected by Bonferoni’s)

Analysis of variance (2+ grps)

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16
Q

Define correlation

A

Examines the linear strength and direction of the ASSOCIATION between two variables
r and r^2

17
Q

Pearson product moment correlation coefficient

A

r
Normally distributed
-1 to 1

18
Q

Coefficient of determination

A

Determines the amount of variation

0-1

19
Q

Define regression

A

Examines the ability of one or more variables to predict another variable (independent associations in non-randomized studies)
Univariate or multivariate

20
Q

Univariate regression

A

risk of MI in chest pain, rist of GI bleeding in critically ill

21
Q

Multivariate regression

A

Modeling many possible predictive variables to ascertain which ones predict target variable
Adjust for confounders

22
Q

Linear Regression

A

Relationship between a continuous outcome and predictors

y=mx=b

23
Q

Logistic regression

A

Predicting a categorical outcome from one or multiple predictors
logy= mx+b

24
Q

Define survival analysis

A

Time between study entry and an event
Takes drop outs and lost to f/u into account
Kaplan-Meier curve
Log-Rank test and Cox proportional hazards

25
Q

Define proportion

A

All in the numerator are in the denominator

No units

26
Q

Define ratio

A

Numerator is not a subset of the denomitor

27
Q

Define relative risk

A

measure of comparing risk
Rate in the exposed/rate in the unexposed
RR = (A/(A+B)/(C/(C+D)

28
Q

Define Odds Ratio

A

A measure of risk in observation trails/rare events

OR= (AXD)/(BXC)

29
Q

Define Hazard Ratio

A

Roughly equal to relative risk

Occurs over time

30
Q

RR=1, what?

A

Risk between the exposed and unexposed are the same

31
Q

RR<1, what?

A

Risk of the exposed is lower than the risk in the unexposed

32
Q

Risk>1, whatt?

A

Risk of the exposed is higher than the risk in the unexposed

33
Q

Relative Risk Reduction

A

RR1, any amount >1 is the % risk (RR=1.5 –> 50% risk with intervention)

34
Q

Sensitivity and specificity

A

Particularly important in diagnostic med

Clinical Research FINAL (4 decks)

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