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Fall 2022 Courses > Advanced Anatomy Unit 2 Exam > Flashcards

Advanced Anatomy Unit 2 Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A

protection, lubrication, filtration

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2
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Found at the end of long bones, ribs, trachea, bronchi, nose, and embryotic skeleton
  • Type 2 collagen
  • Provides smooth surfaces for joints and support
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3
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Found at the pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, and menisci
  • Type 1 and type 2 collagen
  • Provides support
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4
Q

Elastic cartilage

A
  • Found in the epiglottis, external ear, and auditory tube
  • Type 2 collagen
  • Provides support through flexibility
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5
Q

Classification of bone shapes: long bones

A
  • bones that are longer than wide (bones of the limbs)
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6
Q

Classification of bone shapes: short bones

A

Short cube bones (bones of the wrists and ankles)

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7
Q

Classification of bone shapes: flat bones

A

Sternum, ribs, some bones of the skull

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8
Q

Classification of bone shapes: irregular bones

A

All other bones (vertebrae, hip bones)

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9
Q

Classification of bone locations: sutural

A

Located within the sutures of the skull (not always present)

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10
Q

Classification of bone locations: sesamoid bones

A
  • Shaped like a sesame seed and is surrounded by a tendon
  • Knee: patella
  • Hands: first and second metacarpal
  • Feet: first metatarsal
  • Wrist: pisiform bone
  • Neck: hyoid bone
  • Ear: the lenticular process of the incus
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11
Q

Structure of a long bone

A

Diaphysis, epiphyses, epiphyseal lines, periosteum, and endosteum

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12
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of a long bone that contains a yellow marrow cavity

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13
Q

Epiphyses

A
  • Ends of long bones (joint surfaces)
  • Spongy bone
  • Covered with articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
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14
Q

Epiphyseal lines

A
  • Between epiphyses and diaphysis
  • Former growth plates or epiphyseal plates
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15
Q

Periosteum

A

Connective tissue membrane which surrounds the external surface of the diaphysis

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16
Q

Endosteum

A

Connective tissue membrane which surrounds the internal surfaces of the bone

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17
Q

Bone histology: osteoblasts

A
  • Makes bone and secretes osteoid
  • Turns into osteocytes
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18
Q

Bone histology: osteocytes

A
  • Mature bone cells
  • cell bodies sit in a space called lacunae
  • cell processes of osteocytes sit in spaces called canaliculi
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19
Q

Bone histology: osteoclasts

A

Breaks down bone tissue

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20
Q

Extracellular bone matrix: osteoid

A
  • secreted by osteoblasts
  • accounts for bones strength
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21
Q

Extracellular bone matrix: hydroxyapatites

A

Accounts for bone hardness

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22
Q

Compact bone

A

outer bone comprised of osteons

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23
Q

Osteon

A
  • tube of bone matrix formed by rings called concentric lamellae
  • central canals connected by perforating canals
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24
Q

Spongey bone

A
  • surrounded by compact bone
  • no osteons
  • composed of plates of bone called trabeculae
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25
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A
  • bone originates from connective tissue membranes
  • Mesenchyme
  • flat bones of skull and clavicle
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26
Q

Endochondral ossification

A
  • bone originates from hyaline cartilage
  • most bones
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27
Q

Wolf’s law of bone architecture

A
  • stress correlates with density
  • action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
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28
Q

Bone hormonal control: PTH

A
  • released when Ca level in blood is too low
  • PTH stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone
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29
Q

Bone hormonal control: calcitonin

A
  • released when Ca level in blood is too high
  • calcitonin inhibits osteoclasts
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30
Q

Osteomalacia (rickets)

A
  • osteoid produced but hydroxyapatites are not deposited
  • results in soft bones, bones might bend (bow legged)
  • caused by Vitamin D deficiency or lack of Ca in diet
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31
Q

Osteoporosis

A

More bone is broken down than formed

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32
Q

Skeletal muscle

A
  • attached to mainly bone
  • striated
  • cells are long and like cylinders
  • Voluntary movement
33
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A
  • Striated and involuntary
  • cells are shorter than skeletal muscle and the fibers are branched
  • gap junctions
34
Q

Smooth muscle tissue

A
  • in the walls of hollow organs and skin
  • nonstriated and involuntary
35
Q

Functions of muscle tissue

A

Movement, support, generates heat

36
Q

Skeletal muscle structure: epimysium

A

Layer of connective tissue that covers the entirety of the external surface of the muscle

37
Q

Skeletal muscle structure: perimysium

A

Layer of connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle

38
Q

Skeletal muscle structure: endomysium

A

Layer of connective tissue that covers each fiber

39
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber anatomy: sarcolemma

A

Specialized plasma membrane

40
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber anatomy: sarcoplasm

A
  • Specialized cytoplasm
  • Contains glycogen and myoglobin
  • Contains myofibrils
41
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber anatomy: thick myofilaments (myosin)

A
  • Composed of myosin proteins
  • Each protein has a tail and two heads
42
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber anatomy: thin myofilaments (actin)

A

Composed of the proteins actin, tropomyosin, and troponin

43
Q

Actin proteins

A

Each actin protein has a myosin binding site that form cross bridges during muscle contraction

44
Q

Tropomyosin proteins

A
  • String like
  • Covers myosin binding sites when the muscle is at rest
45
Q

Troponin proteins

A
  • Sectioned into sarcomeres
  • Z disc to z disc and contains the A band, I band, H zone, and M line regions
46
Q

A band of troponin proteins

A

Contains both thick and thin myofiliments

47
Q

I band of troponin proteins

A

Contains thin myofiliments

48
Q

H zone of troponin proteins

A
  • Contains thick myofilaments
  • Covers the largest area of the sacromeres
49
Q

M line of troponin proteins

A

Middle of the H zone and contains proteins that connect thick myofiliments

50
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A
  • SER of skeletal muscle cells
  • Stores Ca
  • Dilated ends are called terminal cisternae and are located in the T tubule
51
Q

Neuromuscular junctions

A

A specialized synapse between a motor neuron and the sarcolemma of the skeletal muscle cell

52
Q

Neuromuscular junctions: synaptic cleft

A

The space between the neuron and the sarcolemma

53
Q

Neuromuscular junctions: presynaptic terminal

A
  • Terminal portion of the motor neuron
  • Releases neurotransmitters
54
Q

Neuromuscular junctions: postsynaptic membrane

A

Region located at the neuromuscular junction

55
Q

Sliding filament model

A

Skeletal muscle movement occurs because thick and thin myofilaments slide across each other, shortening the sarcomeres to shorten

56
Q

Rigor mortis

A
  • When we die, cells undergo autolysis
  • Ca leaks from SR
  • The Ca binds to troponin and triggers the binding of the myosin heads to actin
  • There are no APs, so myosin cannot be released from actin
57
Q

Functional classification of joints: synarthrosis

A

Nonmovable (tooth to jaw, costochondral joints, sutures, epiphyseal joints)

58
Q

Functional classification of joints: amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly movable (radius to ulna, tibia to fibula, pubic symphyses, invertebral disc articulations)

59
Q

Structural classification of joints: fibrous joints

A

Joints held together by collagen fibers (sutures of the skull, tooth in jaw, syndesmosis)

60
Q

Structural classification of joints: Cartilaginous joints

A

Joints held together by a disc of cartilage (pubic symphysis, vertebral discs, ribs)

61
Q

Structural classification of joints: synovial joints

A

Bones are separated by a fluid filled joint cavity, very movable

62
Q

Associations with synovial joints: articular cartilage

A
  • Hyaline cartilage found at the ends of long bones
  • Provides a smooth surface, absorbs shock, and reduces friction
63
Q

Associations with synovial joints: joint cavity

A
  • Space filled with synovial fluid that surrounds the joint
  • Synovial fluid nourishes the cartilage and reduces friction
64
Q

Associations with synovial joints: joint capsule

A

Surrounds the joint, with a fibrous capsule outer layer and a synovial membrane inner layer

65
Q

Associations with synovial joints: bursa sacs

A

Sacs filled with synovial fluid that reduce friction

66
Q

Associations with synovial joints: tendon sheaths

A

Elongated bursae that wraps around the tendon and reduces friction

67
Q

Temporomandibular joint (TMJ)

A

Synovial joint formed by the mandibular condyles of the mandible and the mandibular fossae of the temporal bones

68
Q

Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint

A
  • Most movable joint
  • Head of the humerus and glenoid fossa of scapula
  • Glenoid labrum, ligaments of the shoulder, and the four rotator cuff muscles
69
Q

Ligaments of the shoulder

A

Glenohumeral, acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, and the coracoclavicular ligaments

70
Q

Rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder

A

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis

71
Q

Hip (coxal) joint

A
  • Strongest joint
  • “Ball in socket”
  • acetabular labrum and ligaments
72
Q

Hip: Acetabular labrum

A

Circular rim of fibrocartilage that helps deepen joint cavity

73
Q

Ligaments of the hip

A
  • Semicircular placement so they can assist with range of motion; function of the normal movement of the joint
  • Ligamentum teres is an internal ligament that does not help with structure, but protects an artery
74
Q

Knee joint

A
  • Most complex joint
  • Formed be the medial and lateral condyles of the femur and the medial and lateral condyle of the patella
75
Q

Major ligaments of the knee: Patellar ligament

A
  • continuation of patellar tendon and attaches to the tibial tuberosity
  • Knee jerk reflex
76
Q

Major ligaments of the knee: medial collateral ligament

A
  • attached to the epicondyle of the femur and the medial tibia
  • Strengthens medially
77
Q

Major ligaments of the knee: lateral collateral ligament

A
  • Attached to the lateral epicondyle of the femur and the head of the fibula
  • Strengthens laterally
78
Q

Major ligaments of the knee: anterior cruciate ligament

A
  • Attached to the medial surface of the lateral condyle of the femur and the anterior portion of the intercondylar eminence
  • Prevents anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur and hyperextension of the knee
79
Q

Major ligaments of the knee: posterior cruciate ligament

A
  • attached to the lateral portion of the medial condyle of the femur and the posterior portion of the intercondylar eminence
  • Prevents hyperextension and posterior sliding of the tibia on the femur

Fall 2022 Courses (2 decks)

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