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Adv. Biology > Adv Bio Final Vocab > Flashcards

Adv Bio Final Vocab Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

prokaryotic

A

no nucleus and bacteria

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2
Q

eukaryotic

A

nucleus and human cells

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3
Q

macromolecule

A

critically important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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4
Q

organelles

A

internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments

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5
Q

ribosomes

A

Makes proteins

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6
Q

Hypertonic

A

solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell
cell loses water

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7
Q

hypotonic

A

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell
cell gains water

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8
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

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9
Q

isotonic

A

Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
no net water movement across the plasma membrane

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10
Q

diffusion

A

the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

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11
Q

cellular respiration

A

glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps

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12
Q

aerobic

A

Process that requires oxygen and yields ATP

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13
Q

anaerobic

A

doesnt require oxygen but still yields ATP

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14
Q

redox reaction

A

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

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15
Q

oxidation

A

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

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16
Q

reduction

A

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced

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17
Q

NAD+

A

electron carrier involved in glycolysis (coenzyme)

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18
Q

NADH

A

the reduced form of NAD+
passes the electrons to the electron transport chain

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19
Q

ATP synthase

A

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex

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20
Q

FADH

A

gets converted to 2 ATP in the electron transport chain and holds one electron per turn

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21
Q

FAD+

A

higher form of FADH

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22
Q

Proton motive force

A

H+ gradient, emphasizing its capacity to do work

23
Q

phosphorylation

A

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

24
Q

antiparallel

A

DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

25
Q

leading strand

A

5-3, starts with a phosphate, made continuously

26
Q

lagging strand

A

3-5, starts with a sugar, made in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)

27
Q

pyrimidines

A

single ring structure
thymine and cytosine

28
Q

purines

A

double ring structure
uracil, adenine, guanine

29
Q

cell division

A

the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells

30
Q

chromosome

A

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged

31
Q

chromatin

A

proteins (histones) plus DNA

32
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells, diploid, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) cells identical to parent

33
Q

gametes

A

sex cells (sperm or egg), haploid, 23 chromosomes, no pairs

34
Q

sister chromatids

A

half of a duplicated chromosome

35
Q

checkpoint

A

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

36
Q

G0 phase

A

normal functions

37
Q

diploid cell

A

(2n)
two sets of chromosomes, 1 from mom and 1 from dad

38
Q

haploid cell

A

only contain a single set of chromosomes

39
Q

crossing over

A

Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments

40
Q

mutations

A

changes in an organism’s DNA
are the original source of genetic diversity

41
Q

central dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

42
Q

double helix

A

two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder

43
Q

helicase

A

are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

44
Q

topoisomerase

A

relieves the strain caused by tight twisting ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

45
Q

single stranded binding proteins

A

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

46
Q

exonuclease

A

scans behind DNA polymerase and if a mismatch occurs it removes the incorrect base and replaces it with the correct base

47
Q

RNA primase

A

lays a primer- acts like a flag to let DNA polymerase 3 know where to bind/build

48
Q

DNA Polymerase 3

A

finds primers to begin adding nucleotides to the “new strand”
does this by adding ATP (builder)

49
Q

DNA Polymerase 1

A

finds primers and cuts the RNA primers off and replaces it with DNA bases

50
Q

Ligase

A

takes the Okazaki fragments, once primers have been removed and glues them together

51
Q

Telomeres

A

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends

52
Q

dATP

A

use to build DNA strands

53
Q

Telomerase

A

catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells

Adv. Biology (6 decks)

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