Adv Bio Final Vocab Flashcards
prokaryotic
no nucleus and bacteria
eukaryotic
nucleus and human cells
macromolecule
critically important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
organelles
internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments
ribosomes
Makes proteins
Hypertonic
solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell
cell loses water
hypotonic
solute concentration is less than that inside the cell
cell gains water
osmosis
the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane
isotonic
Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
no net water movement across the plasma membrane
diffusion
the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space
cellular respiration
glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps
aerobic
Process that requires oxygen and yields ATP
anaerobic
doesnt require oxygen but still yields ATP
redox reaction
chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants
oxidation
a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized
reduction
a substance gains electrons, or is reduced
NAD+
electron carrier involved in glycolysis (coenzyme)
NADH
the reduced form of NAD+
passes the electrons to the electron transport chain
ATP synthase
H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex
FADH
gets converted to 2 ATP in the electron transport chain and holds one electron per turn
FAD+
higher form of FADH
Proton motive force
H+ gradient, emphasizing its capacity to do work
phosphorylation
the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
antiparallel
DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the 5’ to 3’ direction
leading strand
5-3, starts with a phosphate, made continuously
lagging strand
3-5, starts with a sugar, made in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)
pyrimidines
single ring structure
thymine and cytosine
purines
double ring structure
uracil, adenine, guanine
cell division
the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells
chromosome
DNA molecules in a cell are packaged
chromatin
proteins (histones) plus DNA
somatic cells
body cells, diploid, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) cells identical to parent
gametes
sex cells (sperm or egg), haploid, 23 chromosomes, no pairs
sister chromatids
half of a duplicated chromosome
checkpoint
where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received
G0 phase
normal functions
diploid cell
(2n)
two sets of chromosomes, 1 from mom and 1 from dad
haploid cell
only contain a single set of chromosomes
crossing over
Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments
mutations
changes in an organism’s DNA
are the original source of genetic diversity
central dogma
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
double helix
two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder
helicase
are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
topoisomerase
relieves the strain caused by tight twisting ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
single stranded binding proteins
bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA
exonuclease
scans behind DNA polymerase and if a mismatch occurs it removes the incorrect base and replaces it with the correct base
RNA primase
lays a primer- acts like a flag to let DNA polymerase 3 know where to bind/build
DNA Polymerase 3
finds primers to begin adding nucleotides to the “new strand”
does this by adding ATP (builder)
DNA Polymerase 1
finds primers and cuts the RNA primers off and replaces it with DNA bases
Ligase
takes the Okazaki fragments, once primers have been removed and glues them together
Telomeres
Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends
dATP
use to build DNA strands
Telomerase
catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells
