Adv Bio Final Vocab

Question 1

prokaryotic

Answer 1

no nucleus and bacteria

Question 2

eukaryotic

Answer 2

nucleus and human cells

Question 3

macromolecule

Answer 3

critically important molecules of all living things fall into four main classes
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 4

organelles

Answer 4

internal membranes that divide the cell into compartments

Question 5

ribosomes

Answer 5

Makes proteins

Question 6

Hypertonic

Answer 6

solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell
cell loses water

Question 7

hypotonic

Answer 7

solute concentration is less than that inside the cell
cell gains water

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

the diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 9

isotonic

Answer 9

Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell
no net water movement across the plasma membrane

Question 10

diffusion

Answer 10

the tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into the available space

Question 11

cellular respiration

Answer 11

glucose and other organic molecules are broken down in a series of steps

Question 12

aerobic

Answer 12

Process that requires oxygen and yields ATP

Question 13

anaerobic

Answer 13

doesnt require oxygen but still yields ATP

Question 14

redox reaction

Answer 14

chemical reactions that transfer electrons between reactants

Question 15

oxidation

Answer 15

a substance loses electrons, or is oxidized

Question 16

reduction

Answer 16

a substance gains electrons, or is reduced

Question 17

NAD+

Answer 17

electron carrier involved in glycolysis (coenzyme)

Question 18

NADH

Answer 18

the reduced form of NAD+
passes the electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 19

ATP synthase

Answer 19

H+ then moves back across the membrane, passing through the protein complex

Question 20

FADH

Answer 20

gets converted to 2 ATP in the electron transport chain and holds one electron per turn

Question 21

FAD+

Answer 21

higher form of FADH

Question 22

Proton motive force

Answer 22

H+ gradient, emphasizing its capacity to do work

Question 23

phosphorylation

Answer 23

the addition of a phosphate group to a molecule

Question 24

antiparallel

Answer 24

DNA polymerases add nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a growing strand; therefore, a new DNA strand can elongate only in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 25

leading strand

Answer 25

5-3, starts with a phosphate, made continuously

Question 26

lagging strand

Answer 26

3-5, starts with a sugar, made in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)

Question 27

pyrimidines

Answer 27

single ring structure thymine and cytosine

Question 28

purines

Answer 28

double ring structure uracil, adenine, guanine

Question 29

cell division

Answer 29

the continuity of life is based on the reproduction of cells

Question 30

chromosome

Answer 30

DNA molecules in a cell are packaged

Question 31

chromatin

Answer 31

proteins (histones) plus DNA

Question 32

somatic cells

Answer 32

body cells, diploid, 23 pairs of chromosomes (46) cells identical to parent

Question 33

gametes

Answer 33

sex cells (sperm or egg), haploid, 23 chromosomes, no pairs

Question 34

sister chromatids

Answer 34

half of a duplicated chromosome

Question 35

checkpoint

Answer 35

where the cell cycle stops until a go-ahead signal is received

Question 36

G0 phase

Answer 36

normal functions

Question 37

diploid cell

Answer 37

(2n) two sets of chromosomes, 1 from mom and 1 from dad

Question 38

haploid cell

Answer 38

only contain a single set of chromosomes

Question 39

crossing over

Answer 39

Nonsister chromatids exchanging DNA segments

Question 40

mutations

Answer 40

changes in an organism's DNA are the original source of genetic diversity

Question 41

central dogma

Answer 41

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

Question 42

double helix

Answer 42

two strands of DNA wind around each other like a twisted ladder

Question 43

helicase

Answer 43

are enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks

Question 44

topoisomerase

Answer 44

relieves the strain caused by tight twisting ahead of the replication fork by breaking, swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands

Question 45

single stranded binding proteins

Answer 45

bind to and stabilize single-stranded DNA

Question 46

exonuclease

Answer 46

scans behind DNA polymerase and if a mismatch occurs it removes the incorrect base and replaces it with the correct base

Question 47

RNA primase

Answer 47

lays a primer- acts like a flag to let DNA polymerase 3 know where to bind/build

Question 48

DNA Polymerase 3

Answer 48

finds primers to begin adding nucleotides to the "new strand" does this by adding ATP (builder)

Question 49

DNA Polymerase 1

Answer 49

finds primers and cuts the RNA primers off and replaces it with DNA bases

Question 50

Ligase

Answer 50

takes the Okazaki fragments, once primers have been removed and glues them together

Question 51

Telomeres

Answer 51

Eukaryotic chromosomal DNA molecules have special nucleotide sequences at their ends

Question 52

dATP

Answer 52

use to build DNA strands

Question 53

Telomerase

Answer 53

catalyzes the lengthening of telomeres in germ cells