Adv Bio Final Flashcards
dichotomous key
be able to read
what are the three domains that all creatures are divided among?
archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes
What is the difference between Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes
archaea: live in harsh conditions/environments
bacteria: live almost anywhere
eukaryotes: multicellular organisms
What are the four macromolecules and their monomers?
carbohydrates: monosaccarides
lipids: fatty acids
proteins: amino acids
nucleic acids: nucleotides
What are the 4 steps of protein folding and what happens during each step
primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: polypeptide sequence coil
tertiary: polypeptide folds on itself becoming a functional protein
Quaternary: does not always happen… 2 or more functional proteins bind together to form new protein with a new function
are bacteria a part of the Plantae or Animalia or neither or both kingdoms?
neither
What are the categories of classification in order from least specific to most specific?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Which kingdom is completely autotrophic?
plantae
Do all eukaryotic kingdoms have cell walls?
no
True or False: The Eukarya Domain is made up of mainly multicellular organisms
true
What are two types of cells? How do they differ from one another? Example of each
eukaryotic- nucleus and human cells
prokaryotic- no nucleus and bacteria
What type of cell is found in humans
Eukaryotic
Know some of your organelles including: Chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, central vacuole
chloroplast: plants, does photosynthesis, makes sugars
nucleus: both contains DNA
mitochondria: both does cellular respiration to provide ATP
ribosomes: makes proteins
ER: makes materials for the cell
Golgi apparatus: both (UPS) packages modifies and ships stuff from the ER
central vacuole: plants involved in storage and maintaining internal water pressure
what types of cells have both mitochondria and chloroplast?
plants
What are organelles?
specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
compare and contrast passive transport and active transport. (diffusion, osmosis, sodium potassium pump)
passive: moves molecules down concentration gradient- no energy
osmosis- movement of water
diffusion- movement of molecules
active: moves molecules against the concentration gradient- needs energy
sodium potassium pump- pumps these molecules in/out of the cell ( Na=out and K=in)
what is tonicity? compare isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
be able to work out these types of problems, figuring out if the cell swells, shrinks or stays the same
ability of surrounding solution to cause cell to gain or lose water
hypertonic: more molecules; more negative
hypotonic: less molecules; more positive
isotonic: equal amount of molecules; equal y
*water always moves to hypertonic item (more negative)
what are the three basic steps of cell signaling? Be bale to identify these on a diagram
reception, transduction, response
In cell signaling what are secondary messengers and a phosphorylation cascade?
secondary messengers: carries the message to the next step in cell signaling…cAMP
phosphorylation cascade: a sequence of signaling pathway events when one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction… amplify signal
what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration? what are the products of each
glycolysis, link, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation
what are the end products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
what are the products of links?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH
what are the products of krebs?
2 FADH, 6 NADH, 2 ATP
what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?
30-32 ATP… this number varies based on a number of things
the whole reason organisms perform cellular respiration is to make _____
ATP/energy
There are two waste products of cellular respiration and they are ____ and ____
water and carbon dioxide
this compound is needed to get cellular respiration STARTED
glucoses
compare and contrast somatic cells and gametes. Number of chromosomes? Haploid/diploid?
somatic: body cells, diploid, 23 parts of chromosomes or ___ in humans
gametes: sex cells (sperm or egg), haploid, 23 chromosomes __
what are the steps of mitosis? what types of cells are made?
steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
cell: somatic
steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase
cell: somatic
steps: prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1, prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2
cells: gametes
events: crossing over, homologous chromosomes lining up and separating
homologous chromosomes vs sister chromatids. When are each divided out during both mitosis and meiosis?
homologous chromosomes: same size, location, and code for the same traits one comes from mom and one from dad
sister chromatids: half of a duplicated chromosome
meiosis: homologous separate during anaphase 1… sisters separate anaphase 2 and meiosis
when does crossing over occur? Mitosis or meiosis? Which step specifically?
meiosis- prophase 1
what are the 3 phases or steps of interphase?
G1- grow
S (synthesis)- copy DNA
G2- grow
what is the monomer of DNA and what 3 components make it up? What part of this is considered the backbone of DNA and which part is considered the rungs?
nucleotide- phosphate, sugar, base
backbone- sugar and phosphate
rungs- bases (coding)
what is the process of making a new DNA molecule called
replication
what does it mean that the DNA is double helix
double stranded and twisted
which molecule is responsible for the formation of proteins?
RNA
DNA contains information to make _____
proteins
what determines the function of a protein
structure, which is determined by the sequence of amino acids… structure determines function
what are the base pairing rules
A=T and C=G
Math problems for base pairing rules. For example, if you have 45% cytosine what percent Adenine?
5%
what does central dogma state
DNA -> RNA -> Protein
XX and XY determine what
gender
xx= girl
xy= boy
leading strand v. lagging strand
leading: 5-3, starts with a phosphate, made continuously
lagging: 3-5, starts with a sugar, made in short fragments (Okazaki fragments)
what does each one do? Primase, helicase, topoisomerase, DNA ligase, DNA Polymerase 3
Primase; lays primer to allow DNA polymerase 3 to bind to DNA
helicase: unzips the DNA to create single strands
topoisomerase: binds ahead of helicase to relieve strand by breaking and reforming covalent bonds in the backbone
DNA ligase: glues fragments on lagging strand together
DNA polymerase 3: builds new strand of DNA
what is meant by antiparallel in relation to DNA
the 5 to 3 direction of one strand runs in opposite direction of the other 3 to 5
what three scientists were responsible for the discovery of the structure of DNA
franklin, watson, and crick
This nucleic model is a double helix
DNA
