Adv Bio Final Flashcards
dichotomous key
be able to read
what are the three domains that all creatures are divided among?
archaea, bacteria, eukaryotes
What is the difference between Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukaryotes
archaea: live in harsh conditions/environments
bacteria: live almost anywhere
eukaryotes: multicellular organisms
What are the four macromolecules and their monomers?
carbohydrates: monosaccarides
lipids: fatty acids
proteins: amino acids
nucleic acids: nucleotides
What are the 4 steps of protein folding and what happens during each step
primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: polypeptide sequence coil
tertiary: polypeptide folds on itself becoming a functional protein
Quaternary: does not always happen… 2 or more functional proteins bind together to form new protein with a new function
are bacteria a part of the Plantae or Animalia or neither or both kingdoms?
neither
What are the categories of classification in order from least specific to most specific?
domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Which kingdom is completely autotrophic?
plantae
Do all eukaryotic kingdoms have cell walls?
no
True or False: The Eukarya Domain is made up of mainly multicellular organisms
true
What are two types of cells? How do they differ from one another? Example of each
eukaryotic- nucleus and human cells
prokaryotic- no nucleus and bacteria
What type of cell is found in humans
Eukaryotic
Know some of your organelles including: Chloroplasts, nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, ER, golgi apparatus, central vacuole
chloroplast: plants, does photosynthesis, makes sugars
nucleus: both contains DNA
mitochondria: both does cellular respiration to provide ATP
ribosomes: makes proteins
ER: makes materials for the cell
Golgi apparatus: both (UPS) packages modifies and ships stuff from the ER
central vacuole: plants involved in storage and maintaining internal water pressure
what types of cells have both mitochondria and chloroplast?
plants
What are organelles?
specialized structures that perform various jobs inside cells
compare and contrast passive transport and active transport. (diffusion, osmosis, sodium potassium pump)
passive: moves molecules down concentration gradient- no energy
osmosis- movement of water
diffusion- movement of molecules
active: moves molecules against the concentration gradient- needs energy
sodium potassium pump- pumps these molecules in/out of the cell ( Na=out and K=in)
what is tonicity? compare isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
be able to work out these types of problems, figuring out if the cell swells, shrinks or stays the same
ability of surrounding solution to cause cell to gain or lose water
hypertonic: more molecules; more negative
hypotonic: less molecules; more positive
isotonic: equal amount of molecules; equal y
*water always moves to hypertonic item (more negative)
what are the three basic steps of cell signaling? Be bale to identify these on a diagram
reception, transduction, response
In cell signaling what are secondary messengers and a phosphorylation cascade?
secondary messengers: carries the message to the next step in cell signaling…cAMP
phosphorylation cascade: a sequence of signaling pathway events when one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction… amplify signal
what are the 4 steps of cellular respiration? what are the products of each
glycolysis, link, krebs, oxidative phosphorylation
what are the end products of glycolysis
2 pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
what are the products of links?
2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH
what are the products of krebs?
2 FADH, 6 NADH, 2 ATP
what are the products of oxidative phosphorylation?
30-32 ATP… this number varies based on a number of things
