Adult Development theories

Question 1

What does the term Social Clocks mean

Answer 1

Social expectation that creates an internalised social clock are we on time or out of phase with our peers

Question 2

Does Adulthood signify the end of development?

Answer 2

No Adulthood does not signify the end of development

Question 3

When we consider social clocks if one adheres to the timing and achievements of social norms will they experience less stress

Answer 3

Yes they will experience less stress if they adhere to the timings

Question 4

Name the factors for the impetus for growth in adult development in the order of impact on an individual from less to strong

Answer 4

Biology; Social cultural & Personal factors

Question 5

What do neuroscientists say about the adolescent brain?

Answer 5

They cannot discern

Question 6

What are the two key areas adult development theories focus on?

Answer 6

Love and relationships & Career

Question 7

What are two broad categories of theories that have been proposed around psychosocial needs of love and relationships and work that drive adult development?

Answer 7

Timing of events - social clocks

Normative crisis - models

Question 8

When someone is out of phase with their social clock what can support them? And what can happen if they don’t get support

Answer 8

Peer support and if they don’t get it, it can lead to isolation

Question 9

When someone is out of phase with their social clock what can support them? And what can happen if they don’t get support

Answer 9

Peer support and if they don’t get it, it can lead to isolation

Question 10

Name a crisis theory

Answer 10

Erikson’s theory

Question 11

What is Erikson’s crisis that occurs in young adulthood called

Answer 11

Intimacy versus isolation

Question 12

In Erikson’s Intimacy versus Isolation crisis, what is it that the individual must be able to tolerate when in a relationship

Answer 12

Identity fusion with another and loss of identity

Question 13

What is it that an individual must develop in order to overcome the intimacy versus isolation crisis

Answer 13

identity. They need to know who they are and what they want

Question 14

How does the adoescent brain differ to the adult brain?

Answer 14

The adolescent brain cannot acurately interpret emotional signals or regulate behaviour.

Question 15

Does brain maturity occur at different times for different individuals

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

What does research show about brain biological developement in adolsecnce and adults that explain why identity formation or intimacy differs with some individuals

Answer 16

That there are some differences in biological development, biological influences can effect development of the brain

Question 17

Who did the Harvard Grant study

Answer 17

Vailant in 1935

Question 18

How many males were in the Harvard Grant study

Answer 18

204 white males

Question 19

What year was the Harvard Grant Study

Answer 19

1937

Question 20

What were the three conclusions about adult development in the Longitude Harvard Grant study

Answer 20

Development is life long
Sustained relationships shape lives
Adaptive mechanisms determine health

Question 21

What are maturation shifts and who mentioned these in their research

Answer 21

shifting from adaptive mechanisms, they were noted by Vailant in the Harvard ‘Grant Study’

Question 22

What were the four adaptive mechanisms of maturation that Vailant came up with from the Harvard ‘Grant Study’

Answer 22

Mature mechanisms
Immature mechanism
Psychotic mechanisms
Neurotic mechanisms

Question 23

Which adaptive mechanism would involve sublimation, redirecting of anxiety and unexpected impulses to altruism

Answer 23

Mature mechanisms

Question 24

Which adaptive mechanism would involve hypochondritis and fantasy

Answer 24

The immature adaptive mechanism

Question 25

Which adaptive mechansim from Vallants Harvard 'Grant Study' would invove distrotions of reality and hearing voices

Answer 25

The Psychotic adaptive mechansim

Question 26

Which adaptive mechanism from Vailants Harvard 'Grant Study' would invove irrational fears and depresson

Answer 26

The neurotic mechansism

Question 27

What age group is twice as likely to use immature adaptive mechanisms to mature adaptive mechanisms

Answer 27

Adolescents

Question 28

What age group is likely to use mature adaptive mechanisms twice as much as immature adaptive mechanisms according to Vailant's Harvard Grant Study

Answer 28

Adults 20 to 35 years

Question 29

Which age group is 4 times as likely to use mature adaptive mechanisms than immature adaptive mechanism according to Vailants Harvard Grant Study?

Answer 29

Mid adults aged 36 -50

Question 30

What does the term perpetual boys mean, in Vailant's Harvard Grant study longitudinal research?

Answer 30

Perpetual boys did not shift from using immature adaptive mechanisms throughout the study / their lifespan

Question 31

Which type of adaptive mechanism is related to mature brains and sustained relationships

Answer 31

The mature adaptive mechanism

Question 32

Does Vailant's theory overlap with Erikson

Answer 32

Yes

Question 33

What type of developmental theory is Levinson's theory

Answer 33

Developmental Crisis Theory

Question 34

How many males and what ages were studied in Levinson's crisis theory?

Answer 34

40 males between ages of 35-45 years

Question 35

What type of research method did Levinson use in his study on Adult development

Answer 35

Biographical model including interviews, individual observations, tests and follow up interviews after two years.

Question 36

What were Levinson's 3 seasons of males adult life?

Answer 36

Era of early adulthood 17-45 years Era of middle adulthood 40-65 years Era of late adulthood 65+

Question 37

Does Levinson's theory pose an ordered sequence linked by age

Answer 37

Yes

Question 38

What do the overlaps in Levingson's theory allow for

Answer 38

Individual variability.

Question 39

According to Levingson what is it that becomes the underlying pattern for life a any given era?

Answer 39

The life structure built within the eras

Question 40

What happens during a transition period in Levinson's model? Give an example of why this happens

Answer 40

The individual reassesses direction. The transition period is often preceded by some form of failure such as an ability to achieve a goal within the expected time frame

Question 41

What are the four major tasks of the Novice Phase during Levinson's model

Answer 41

1. Forming a dream of adult accomplishment 2. Forming a mentor relationship 3 Developing an occupation 4. Establishing intimate relationships who will share pursuit of the dream.

Question 42

When are the Culminating Phases in Levinson's model?

Answer 42

It is in the final two periods of early adulthood 1. Before the Midlife Transition 2. Before late Adulthood Transition.

Question 43

What are the 3 things that happen during the culmination stage of Levinson's developmental model?

Answer 43

1 Bring to fruiting the efforts of an era 2 Establish occupational goals plan for advancing them 3 More independent & self-sufficient accomplished some of his goals and start to feel the changes of what will come next as he transitions into the next era

Question 44

How many women did Levinson study in his 1980-82 parallel study with women

Answer 44

45 women

Question 45

What were the results for women in Levinson's study, name some of the differences to men regarding tasks and dreams within the stages

Answer 45

The same era's but negotiates them differently Gender splitting creates differences Different tasks of the eras Didn't always have a clear dream

Question 46

What did Robers and Newton (1987) study

Answer 46

Women's adult development

Question 47

In Roberts & Newtons (1987) study on women's development, what were 4 points they purported about women?

Answer 47

1. Female dreams are different to males, females split dreams between achievement and relationships. 2. They experience tensions with partners' goals 3. Less likely to have mentors 4. Integrating career and family was challenging

Question 48

In Roberts and Newton's study (1987) what was the fourth point about women around integrating career and family. What were two variations from the men that the women did?

Answer 48

women decided on career in their 20's not established it until 40 years later Others followed a male career path until 30 years then shifted focus to personal relationships

Question 49

In Roberts and Newton's (1987) study on women's development what happened around age 30 that was similar to men?

Answer 49

Both found the age 30 transition stressful.

Question 50

What were some reasons that made the 30-year transition difficult for women in Levingson's model

Answer 50

1. Females were rearranging priorities of work and family goals with the stress of building a new life structure. 2. Also, women did not have the 'special man' in their lives to help them pursue their goals because they were to