Adult and Pediatric First Aid/CPR/AED Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
AED
A
Automatic External Defibrillator
2
Q
The order of the 3 C’s ?
A
- Check and gain Consent
- Call
- Care
3
Q
Risk level of catching a disease while giving first aid?
A
Very low. Handwashing and using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as latex-free disposable gloves and breathing barriers, reduces your risk even further.
4
Q
Should you wait to give care if you don’t have PPE?
A
According to Red Cross, No. Risk of infection is low.
Note: If PPE isn’t available, don’t wait until you have PPE to take action. Remember, your risk for infection is very low so you can provide care without PPE. Just make sure to wash your hands as soon as possible after giving care and avoid touching your mouth and eyes.
5
Q
How to properly remove Latex-free disposable gloves?
A
- Use right hand to pinch latex glove at the left wrist
- Pull off the left glove using the pinched material
- Continue to hold the removed left glove in the right hand.
- Use the ungloved left hand to slide index and middle finger under the wrist of the right glove. Do not touch the outside of the glove.
- Remove the glove – TURNING IT INSIDE OUT. Also, the other glove will be on the inside of the turned-out glove.
- Glove can then be carried with hands since no contaminated surfaces are exposed.
- Throw away inside-out gloves
- Wash hands with soap and hot water
- At no point is the outside of either glove touched with the ungloved hands
- Both gloves are folded inside-out together
6
Q
Types of PPE?
A
- Latex-free disposable gloves
- CPR breathing mask
- Face mask
- Eye protection
7
Q
How long to wash hands with soap and water?
A
At least 20 seconds.
8
Q
CHECK - CALL - CARE
A
CHECK:
- Safety of scene / Situational Awareness
- Check person and Form Initial impression. DO NOT TOUCH THE PERSON.
- Obtain Consent. Introduce yourself and say what you will do. An unresponsive person may not be able to give consent – Consent is IMPLIED under the law.
9
Q
Form the Initial Impression?
A
- Is the person responsive or unresponsive?
- Does the person appear to be breathing?
- Does the person look sick or hurt?
- Is there a visible injury or bleeding?
10
Q
Person appears unresponsive?
A
- Check for responsiveness
- Check for breathing
- Check for life-threatening bleeding
- Check other life-threatening conditions
11
Q
How to check for responsiveness?
A
Shout - Tap on both shoulders - Shout
Infant: Tap on bottom of Foot
12
Q
How to check for breathing?
A
- Turn on back
- Check for normal breathing
13
Q
Life-threatening emergency
A
- Not breathing
- Unresponsive
- Life-threatening bleeding
- Other life-threatening conditions
Immediately stop CHECK and CALL 911. Then continue with medical attention to my level of training.
14
Q
Step 1: CHECK
A
- Check the scene for safety.
- Check the person.
- Form an initial impression. (Does the person appear unresponsive or appear to have life-threatening bleeding or another life-threatening condition?)
- Obtain consent from the person or parent/guardian.
- Check the person who appears unresponsive (use shout, tap, shout and check for breathing, life-threatening bleeding or another obvious life-threatening condition).
- Continue to check the person who is experiencing non-life-threatening illness or injury (ask questions using SAM and do a focused check).
Note: If, during the initial impression, you determine that the person appears to be experiencing a life-threatening sudden illness, immediately call 9-1-1, get the equipment and give general care for the condition found. Then, continue your check (as appropriate) to determine if additional care is needed.
15
Q
SAM
A
S - Signs and symptoms
A - Allergies
M - Medications and medical conditions
- What is bothering you?
- Do you have any allergies?
- Are you taking any medications?
- Do you have any medical conditions?
16
Q
What questions do you ask to identify non-life threatening conditions?
A
SAM
S - Signs and symptoms
A - Allergies
M - Medications and medical conditions
17
Q
Focus check ?
A
To look more closely at the area that is informed by the Initial Impression or information from the patient.
18
Q
How to instruct to call 911?
A
If cannot call 911 yourself, then:
- Look directly at one specific person
- Say “You, call 911”
- Confirm the 911 call while giving Care
- It is advisable to put the 911 call on speaker-mode to receive additional assistance and care advice from the 911 dispatcher
19
Q
How to give Care ?
A
Care:
- Give care consistent with your knowledge and training
- Offer to assist the person with medication administration if needed
- Help the person rest in the most comfortable position
- Keep the person from getting chilled or overheated
- Reassure the person: “911 is on the way”
- Continue to watch the person’s condition
20
Q
Besides calling 911, what else can you do during the CALL step?
A
Get or send someone to get an AED, a first aid kit and a bleeding control kit (if necessary).
21
Q
When is the Recovery Position utilized?
A
If the person the is unresponsive or has problem breathing, need to move them to prevent the risk of choking or aspiration
22
Q
How to put a person into the Recovery Position?
A
- Position self on one side of person lying on their back.
- Raise the arm of the person closest to you above their head.
- Roll person toward you onto their side so that their head rests on their outstretched arm.
- Bend both of their knees forward with feet back in order to stabilize their body in the Recovery Position.
23
Q
You are working in a senior center when you hear a thud and someone yells out that a man has collapsed. The scene is safe, but the man appears unresponsive. What should you do next?
A
Check for responsiveness by using the shout-tap-shout sequence while checking for breathing, life-threatening bleeding and other life-threatening conditions.
When a person appears unresponsive, you should always check for responsiveness by shouting the person’s name if you know it, tapping them on the shoulder or arm for an adult or a child or the bottom of the foot for an infant, and shouting their name again. While checking for responsiveness, you should also check for breathing, life-threatening bleeding and other life-threatening conditions. Consent is implied when an adult appears unresponsive. If the unresponsive person is a minor, you need to obtain consent from a parent or guardian before doing the shout, tap, shout.
24
Q
During your interview of the person using SAM, they told you that they have a lot of pain in their left arm and that it is throbbing. What should you do next?
A
Do a focused check of their left arm.
25
In this video, the responder followed the Call step to ensure that help was on the way and that she had the necessary equipment to care for the person. Which of the following actions accurately demonstrates the Call step?
The call step includes calling 9-1-1 and getting the AED, a first aid kit and, if necessary, a bleeding control kit or telling someone to do so.
26
Your co-worker fell off of a tall ladder and hit their head quite hard. You can see they have a large lump and they are bleeding a lot. You suspect a potentially life-threatening injury. You tell them you are trained in first aid and want to help them. They tell you, no; that they are fine and it is no big deal. What should you do?
If you ask for consent to care and the person tells you no, you must respect their wishes. However, you can call 9-1-1, or tell someone to do so, if you think they need help.
27
What do you do once you have determined that the scene is safe?
Form an initial impression, obtain consent to care and use PPE.
It is important to form an initial impression of what is going on with the person and obtain consent to give care.
Forming an initial impression will give you an idea of what is going on with the person. Does the person appear unresponsive? Do they seem to be breathing? Are they bleeding a lot? Do they look sick or hurt?
Obtaining consent will provide legal protection. State who you are and that you are trained to give care. If the person does not want your help, do not give care. Call 9-1-1 and wait for help to arrive.
If the person is unresponsive, consent is implied. If the person is a minor, obtain consent from the parent or guardian if they are present. If they are not present, consent is implied.
It is also important to use PPE before touching a person.
27
What is Cardiac Arrest?
Cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to keep blood flowing to the brain and other vital organs.
28
What can cause Cardiac Arrest?
- Heart attack
- Drowning
- Breathing emergencies
- Trauma
29
Signs of Cardiac Arrest?
- Not responsive
- Not breathing or only has gasping breaths
- No heartbeat
30
If suspect someone is in Cardiac Arrest?
1. Call or instruct someone to call 9-1-1 or the designated emergency number immediately and get the AED and first aid kit.
2. Begin CPR immediately.
3. Use an AED as soon as possible.
31
After recognizing that a person is in cardiac arrest (unresponsive and not breathing), you call 9-1-1 and send someone to get an AED. What is your next step?
Start CPR by giving chest compressions and breaths
32
Is high-quality CPR critical?
Yes, it can double or triple a person's chance of survival
33
Components of High-Quality CPR
1. Compression Rate: 100 to 120 per minute
2. Compression Depth: at least 2 inches
3. Chest Position between compressions returns to normal
4. Minimize necessary interruptions in chest compressions to less than 10 seconds
5. Breaths: last about 1 second and chest begins to rise
34
Compression Rate
100 to 120 per minute
35
Compression Depth
At least 2 inches for an Adult
36
Chest position between compressions
Returns to normal position
37
Minimize necessary interruptions
Less than 10 seconds pause between chest compressions
38
Minimize unnecessary breaths
Each breath lasts about 1 second and chest begins to rise
39
Ratio of compressions to breaths in CPR
30:2 -- 30 chest compressions and then 2 breaths
40
What do chest compressions do?
Chest compressions move blood and carry oxygen to the brain and other vital organs
41
How far to tilt the head back?
Past-neutral position
42
If the chest does not begin to rise?
Reopen the airway and give a second breath.
43
If chest doesn't rise after reopening the airway?
The person may be in cardiac arrest due to choking
44
CPR Cycle
30 compressions to 2 breaths
But: If drowning, start with 2 breaths and then 30 compressions.
45
Continue to give CPR Cycles
- Breathing
- EMS arrive
- Alone and too tired
- Someone else to take over
- Scene becomes unsafe
- An AED is ready
46
Give Chest Compressions
1. Position of person on their back and on hard surface
2. Body placement next to the person on knees spread about shoulder width apart
3. Hand Placement: Place the heel of one hand in the center of the person’s chest, with your other hand on top. Interlace your fingers and make sure the fingers are up off the chest.
4. Body Position: Position your body so that your shoulders are directly over your hands and lock your elbows to keep your arms straight.
5. Compression Rate and Depth: Keeping your arms straight, use your body’s weight to compress the center of the chest to a depth of at least 2 inches and a rate of between 100 and 120 compressions per minute, or one about every half second. After each compression, let the chest return to its normal position.
47
To Give Breaths with a Face Shield:
1. First, place the face shield over the person’s face, ensuring the one-way valve is over their mouth.
2. Open the airway to a past-neutral position using the head-tilt/chin-lift technique.
3. Pinch the nose shut, take a normal breath and make a complete seal over the person’s mouth.
4. Blow into their mouth for about 1 second, while looking to see that the chest begins to rise.
5. Allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a seal and give a second breath.
48
To Give Breaths with a Pocket Mask:
1. Place the mask over the person’s nose and mouth; it should not go past the chin.
2. Seal the mask to the face with your hands.
3. Lift the person’s face into the mask and open the airway to a past-neutral position.
4. Maintain a good seal.
5. Take a normal breath and make a complete seal over the mask valve with your mouth.
6. Blow into the one-way valve for about 1 second, while looking to see that the chest begins to rise.
7. Allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a seal and give a second breath.
49
Pro Tip: Keep the Airway Open during breaths
When you lean down to the person to give each breath, maintain an open airway in the past-neutral position, being careful not to push the head down.
50
Give CPR Cycles
30 Compressions
Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute and a depth of at least 2 inches.
Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
2 Breaths
Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise. Pause between the breaths to allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit.
51
When to swap with another trained CPR?
When tiring or after every 5 CPR Cycles (about every 2 minutes)
52
Compression-only CPR
If you are unable or unwilling for any reason to perform full CPR (chest compressions with breaths), give continuous chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute after calling 9-1-1.
53
What is it important to do between giving the first and second breath?
Between giving the first and second breath, allow the person’s chest to fall and the air to exit while you take another breath, make a seal and give a second breath. This allows air to exit so that the next breath can effectively enter.
54
When to use the AED?
Use the AED as soon as possible, but do not delay compressions to find or use the AED!
55
Steps to Using an AED
1. Turn on AED.
2. Remove clothing covering the chest and wipe chest dry if necessary.
3. Place pads correctly.
4. Plug the pad connector cable into the AED if necessary.
5. CLEAR everyone from touching the person while AED analyzes the heart rhythm.
6. CLEAR everyone from touching the person if a shock is advised.
7. Push the shock button to deliver a shock.
8. After the shock is delivered, immediately start CPR beginning with compressions.
56
AED pad placement for an Adult
In an adult, one AED pad must be placed on the upper right side of the person’s chest and one must be placed on the lower left side of the person’s chest.
57
AED and water
A person must be removed from water (puddle or body of water) before using the AED.
It is safe to use an AED in rain and snow and when the person is lying on a metal surface
58
AED Fact Check
In an adult, one AED pad must be placed on the upper right side of the person’s chest and one must be placed on the lower left side of the person’s chest.
Pediatric AED pads should never be used on anyone over 8 years of age or weighing more than 55 pounds (25 kilograms).
A person must be removed from water (puddle or body of water) before using the AED.
It is safe to use an AED on pregnant women, in rain and snow, and when the person is lying on a metal surface.
An AED is also safe to use on a person with an implantable medical device (e.g., pacemaker) but the AED pads should not be placed directly over the device.
It is not necessary to shave a person’s chest hair before applying the AED pads nor remove jewelry or piercings before using the AED.
59
CPR/AED when two or more CPR trained responders?
One person does CPR while the other operates the AED = no pause of CPR.
Switch roles but remain in position after pushing the shock button or if no shock is advised (about every 2 minutes).
60
AED Placement
Place one pad on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit as this is best position for delivery of the shock to the heart.
* NOTE: This is in relation to the patient's chest. For the Responder: The upper right pad will be facing the LEFT, and the lower Left pad will be on the lower RIGHT side to the Responder.
61
You are using an AED on an older adult in cardiac arrest. They are wearing a sweatshirt. You need to remove the sweatshirt before you place the pads on the chest. True or False?
True. Remove all clothing covering the chest as needed to place the AED pads. The shock should be delivered from the pads directly to the person’s skin.
62
63
You have just given a shock to a person in cardiac arrest. You should check to see if the person is breathing before starting CPR again. True or False?
As soon as the shock is delivered, or if no shock is advised, immediately start CPR, beginning with compressions. Even after a successful shock, a person will still have low flow and starting CPR immediately will help.
64
After using the AED what is the next step?
Immediately start CPR beginning with compressions. Do not need to remove the AED pads.
65
Most common causes of cardiac arrest in children and infants
- Breathing emergencies
- Asthma
- Bronchitis
- Drowning
- Choking
- Shock
- Abnormalities in heart structure or function from birth
66
Definition of Child
A child is defined as someone from the age of 1 to the onset of puberty, as evidenced by breast development in girls and underarm hair development in boys (usually around the age of 12). When giving care, follow child techniques and use appropriately sized equipment. The use of pediatric versus adult AED pads is slightly different and, for children, varies by age and weight.
67
Adolescent
An adolescent is defined as someone from the onset of puberty through adulthood. When giving care, follow adult techniques and use appropriately sized equipment.
68
Infant
An infant is defined as someone under the age of 1. When giving care, follow infant techniques and use appropriately sized equipment.
69
Compression Depth for children
For children, only compress about 2 inches. For adults, it is at least 2 inches.
70
One-Hand CPR Technique
For a smaller child, you may use one hand to give compressions if you can compress deep enough.
1 Only use with a small child.
2 Only use if you can compress deep enough.
3 Use one hand instead of two.
4 Place the heel of one hand in the center of the chest.
5 Compress the center of the chest about 2 inches.
71
Breath differences with Children CPR ?
Use the head-tilt/chin-lift technique but tilt the head back to a slightly past-neutral position, which is a little less than for an adult.
72
What is the Child's CPR Cycle?
It is the same, consisting of 30 compressions and 2 breaths
30 Compressions
Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute and a depth of about 2 inches.
Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
2 Breaths
Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise.
* Remember: Smooth transition between compressions and breaths
73
When drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, what should the responder do first?
CPR cycles begin with 30 compressions followed by 2 breaths. However, when drowning is the suspected cause of cardiac arrest, the responder should give 2 initial breaths before starting CPR.
74
75
When giving chest compressions, the goal is to do which of the following?
When giving chest compressions, the goal is to push hard and fast.
76
High-quality CPR for Infants
Nearly the same as for Children and Adults
77
Encircling Thumb Technique
Place both thumbs (side-by-side) on the center of the infant’s chest just below the nipple line. Use other fingers to encircle the infant’s chest toward the back, providing support.
Compression rate: Compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.
COMPRESSION DEPTH
Compress to a depth of about 1 ½ inches.
78
Where should the infant be to perform quality CPR?
Ensure that they are on their back on a firm, flat surface such as the ground or a stable tabletop. If they are in stroller or on a soft surface, carefully move them to a firm, flat surface.
79
Two-Finger Technique
1. Body Position
Stand or kneel to the side of the infant.
2. Finger Placement
Place two fingers on the center of the infant’s chest just below the nipple line.
3. Hand Placement
Place other hand on the infant’s forehead to keep the airway open.
4. Compression Rate
Compress at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute.
5. Compression Depth
Compress to a depth of about 1 ½ inches.
80
What if unable to compress the 1.5 inches on an Infant using the Two-Finger Technique or the Encircling Thumb Technique?
Use the One-Hand Technique that was described previously for a child.
81
Angle of head for Infant CPR?
Use the head-tilt/chin-lift technique to open the infant’s airway to a neutral position.
ALERT: When opening the infant's airway, do not tilt their head back too far; overextending their airway can block it.
82
CPR Cycles for Infant
Same. Each CPR cycle consists of 30 chest compressions and 2 breaths.
Responder using encircling thumbs technique to give chest compressions to infant
30 Compressions
Push hard and fast at a rate of 100 to 120 per minute and a depth of about 1 1/2 inches.
Allow the chest to return to a normal position between each compression.
Responder opening infant's airway to neutral position
2 Breaths
Each breath should last about 1 second and make the chest begin to rise.
83
When giving breaths to an infant with a face shield, you should cover which body parts of the infant with your mouth?
Nose and mouth
84
AED use for Children and Infants
For anyone above 8 years or above 55 pounds, use Adult pads for AED.
Use pediatric AED pads for under 8 years
85
What if there are no Infant AED pads?
It is acceptable to use Adult AED pads. However: THE AED Pads CANNOT touch each other. If necessary place one AED pad on the chest and one on the back
86
Placement of AED pads for Infants?
Pad choice: Use pediatric pads if available. If there are no pediatric pads available, it is ok to use adult pads.
Pad placement: Always use front/back placement. One pad in middle of the chest and the other on the back, between the shoulder blades.
87
Pad placement: Children up to 8 years of age and/or weighing less than 55 pounds (25 kg):
Pad choice:
Use pediatric pads if available. If there are no pediatric pads available, it is ok to use adult pads.
Pad placement:
One pad on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit OR, if pads touch in this position, one pad in the middle of the chest and the other on the back, between the shoulder blades.
88
Pad Placement: Children older than 8 years of age and/or weighing more than 55 pounds (25 kg):
Pad choice: Always use adult pads.
Pad placement: One pad on the upper right side of the chest and the other on the lower left side of the chest, a few inches below the left armpit.
89
When there are two or more trained responders, one person will give CPR while the other person sets up the AED. When will the responders switch roles? Select 2 answers.
1. After pushing the shock button
2. After the AED says no shock is advised
When there are two or more trained responders, one person will give CPR while the other person sets up the AED. They will switch roles when the AED after pushing the shock button or after the AED says that no shock is advised, which is about every 2 minutes. Responders can switch earlier if the one giving CPR becomes tired.
90
Caring for a Responsive Choking Adult or Child
5 back blows
5 abdominal thrusts.
91
How to give back blows
Position yourself to the side and slightly behind the choking person.
2
Place one arm diagonally across the person’s chest.
3
Bend the person at the waist so that their upper body is as parallel to the ground as possible.
4
Firmly strike the person to give 5 back blows between the shoulder blades with the heel of your hand. Each back blow should be separate from the others.
92
How to give abdominal thrusts
1. Find the person’s navel with two fingers.
2. Move behind the person.
3. Place your front foot in between the person’s feet with your knees slightly bent to provide balance and stability.
4. Make a fist with your other hand and place the thumb side against the person’s stomach, right above your fingers.
5. Take your first hand and cover your fist with that hand.
6. Pull inward and upward to give 5 abdominal thrusts. Each of the abdominal thrusts should be separate from the others.
93
How might you need to give thrusts to a child?
When giving care to a choking child who is small, you might need to kneel behind them to provide effective back blows and abdominal thrusts.
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How long to continue back blows and abdominal thrusts?
Continue giving sets of 5 back blows and 5 abdominal thrusts until the adult or child can cough, cry or speak, or they become unresponsive.
95
What if the person in pregnant or too large to stand behind?
If the person is pregnant, too large to stand behind and reach around or if the person is in a wheelchair and you are unable to give abdominal thrusts, give chest thrusts.
96
How to give Chest Thrusts?
To give chest thrusts:
1
Make a fist with one hand.
2
Place the thumb side of your fist on the center of the person’s chest.
3
Grab your fist with the other hand.
4
Give 5 quick thrusts into the chest.
97
When should you do a finger sweep?
Never do a finger sweep if you don't see an object because you might push the object further back!
98
What if the person becomes unresponsive during the choking event?
1. If the choking person becomes unresponsive while you’re giving care, carefully lower them to a firm, flat surface.
2
Then immediately begin CPR, beginning with compressions.
3
Before attempting breaths, open the mouth and look for an object. If you see an object, remove it with a finger sweep.
99
Things to remember when giving CPR to a choking Adult or Child
1
If breaths go in, resume the normal CPR sequence of 30 compressions and 2 breaths and use of an AED.
2
If breaths do not go in, that is, the chest does not begin to rise, continue with cycles of compressions followed by looking in the mouth and then trying to give breaths.
100
When should you give more than 2 breaths per cycle?
Never attempt more than 2 breaths during each cycle!
101
What is correct technique for back blows and abdominal thrusts?
To give back blows, the responder placed one arm diagonally across the person’s chest. Then, they bent the person at the waist so that their upper body was as parallel to the ground as possible. Then, they gave 5 firm back blows between the person's shoulder blades with the heel of their hand. To give abdominal thrusts, the responder found the person’s navel with two fingers and moved behind them. Then, the responder made a fist and placed the thumb side against the person’s stomach, right above their fingers. Finally, they took their first hand and covered their fist with that hand and gave 5 inward and upward abdominal thrusts.
102
Cycle for caring for a responsive choking Infant
5 back blows
5 chest thrusts.
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How to give back blows to an Infant
Place the infant’s back along your forearm.
Place your other forearm on the infant’s front, supporting the infant’s jaw with your thumb and fingers.
Turn the infant to a face-down position and hold them along your forearm using your thigh for support and keeping the infant’s head lower than their body.
Use the heel of your hand to give 5 firm back blows between the infant’s shoulder blades. Each back blow should be separate from the others.
104
If the choking infant becomes unresponsive while you’re providing care, follow the same steps as you would for an unresponsive choking adult or child, with two slight differences.
1. Use encircling thumbs technique
2. Use a pinky to do a finger sweep if you see an object
105
Examples of medications that you may assist with when the person is experiencing a sudden illness include:
Aspirin for heart attack
Quick-relief (rescue) medications for asthma
Epinephrine for anaphylaxis
Naloxone for an opioid overdose
Sugar or glucose tablets, gel or liquid for diabetes
106
High fever?
Fever is defined as an elevated body temperature above the normal range of 100.4° F (38° C).
107
When should you consult a healthcare provider for fever?
The infant is younger than 3 months and has a fever of 100.4° F (38° C) or greater.
The child is younger than 2 years and has a fever of 102.5° F (39.2° C) or greater.
The child or infant has a febrile seizure.
The fever is associated with change in behavior or activity, neck pain, poor feeding, decreased urination, trouble breathing, abdominal pain, pain with urination or back pain or a rash.
108
Are children and infants at high risk dehydration?
Yes. Young children and infants are at especially high risk for dehydration because they tend to lose more fluid, and at a faster rate, than adults do and often do not have the ability to obtain fluids themselves.
109
What is priority care for dehydration?
Care is to give fluids:
- solutions designed for rehydration (Pedialite)
- Water
- Popsicles
110
When to consult a healthcare provider with dehydration?
The diarrhea or vomiting persists for more than a few days.
The child or infant is not able to keep fluids down.
The child has not urinated for more than 6 hours.
The infant has not had a wet diaper in 3 or more hours.
The diarrhea is bloody or black.
The child is unusually sleepy or irritable.
The child has associated abdominal pain that is sharp or persistent.
The child cries without tears or has a dry mouth.
There is a sunken appearance to the child’s abdomen, eyes or cheeks (or, in a very young infant, the soft spot at the top of the infant’s head).
The child’s skin remains “tented” if pinched and released.
111
What are the Signs and Symptoms of a stroke?
Signs and symptoms of stroke include:
- Facial weakness on one side of the body
- Arm or grip weakness on one side of the body
- Speech disturbances
112
Care for person with stroke:
After calling 9-1-1, note the time when the signs and symptoms first started.
Stay with the person and provide reassurance until help arrives.
If the person is responsive but not fully awake, drooling or having trouble swallowing put them the person in the recovery position.
Monitor the person until EMS arrives and begins their care.
113
Why note the time that stroke symptoms begin?
It is important to note the time when signs and symptoms of stroke first started because this is important information to give to EMS professionals. Some of the medications and procedures used to treat stroke in the hospital are only effective within a certain time frame after the onset of signs and symptoms.
114
Signs and symptoms of shock
A rapid, weak heartbeat
Rapid breathing
Pale (grayish), cool, moist skin
Changes in levels of consciousness ranging from unresponsive to confused, restless or irritable
Nausea or vomiting
Excessive thirst
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Commons causes of shock
Life-threatening bleeding
Infection
Anaphylaxis
Any serious injury or illness
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Care for person with shock
Care for the person in shock:
Give care according to your training for the condition causing the shock.
Have them assume a position of comfort or have them lie flat on their back.
Maintain body temperature.
Don’t give them anything to eat or drink.
Provide reassurance.
Continue to monitor the person’s condition.
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Signs and symptoms of an Asthma attack
Wheezing or coughing
Rapid, shallow breathing or trouble breathing
Being unable to talk without stopping for a breath in between every few words
Anxiety and fear
Change in behavior, including being unresponsive
Sweating
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What medicine is in an inhaler?
Albuterol (common)
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Care for person with Asthma attack
First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
Shake the inhaler.
Remove the mouthpiece cover and attach a spacing device if necessary.
Give the device to the person.
Encourage the person to use it as directed by their healthcare provider.
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How often to repeat the dose of asthma medication?
More than one dose of medication may be needed to stop the asthma attack. The medication may be repeated after 10 to 15 minutes.
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Allergic reaction
Anaphylaxis
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Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis:
- History of an allergy
- Signs of an allergic reaction (e.g., hives, nausea, vomiting)
- Swelling of the face, neck, tongue or lips
- Trouble breathing
- Shock
- A change in responsiveness
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Care for person with anaphylaxis
Care for the person experiencing anaphylaxis by assisting with administering epinephrine via an auto-injector:
First, follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
Hold the person’s leg firmly to limit movement.
Encourage them to use the epinephrine auto-injector as directed by their healthcare provider.
Massage or have the person massage the injection area for 10 seconds.
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Signs and symptoms of a heart attack
Persistent chest pain, pressure or squeezing
Isolated, unexplained discomfort in the arms, neck, jaw, back or stomach
Dizziness or light-headedness
Trouble breathing, including shortness of breath
Pale, gray or bluish skin
Nausea or vomiting
Extreme fatigue
Sweating
A feeling of anxiety or impending doom
Unresponsiveness
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Women may experience the signs and symptoms of heart attack differently than men.
For example, in women, the classic signs of a heart attack, like chest pain or pressure may be milder or accompanied by more of the general signs and symptoms, like dizziness, shortness of breath, extreme fatigue and so on.
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Care for the person experiencing a heart attack by assisting with aspirin:
Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands, and can chew and swallow.
Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
Give the person two to four 81-milligram low-dose aspirin tablets OR one 325-milligram regular-strength aspirin tablet.
Tell the person to chew the aspirin completely.
If the person takes a prescribed medication for chest pain, such as nitroglycerin, assist them with it.
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Signs and symptoms of Opioid overdose:
Signs and symptoms of an opioid overdose include:
Decreased breathing effort, for example, breathing slowly and perhaps only a few times a minute
Unresponsiveness
Bluish or greyish colored skin
Cardiac arrest
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If the person with a suspected opioid overdose is unresponsive and not breathing (cardiac arrest)
immediately begin CPR
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What drug can be administered if trained or if it is present?
Naloxone
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How to give Naloxone?
You may assist a family member with administering naloxone to temporarily reverse the effects of opioids.
Naloxone may be given via the nose using a nasal atomizer or nasal spray or via injection using an auto-injector.
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Signs and symptoms of Diabetic Emergency
Signs and symptoms of a diabetic emergency include:
Trouble breathing
Fast and/or deep breathing
Feeling weak or different or unresponsive
Sweating
Fast heartbeat
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Care for diabetic emergency with low sugar
Make sure the person is awake, can follow simple commands and can chew and swallow.
Follow the general care steps for assisting with medication administration.
Give the person 15 to 20 grams of sugar. The recommended amount of sugar is 20 grams for adults and 15 grams for children. If possible, give glucose tablets, liquid or gel. Other acceptable forms of sugar include:
7 ounces of orange juice
14 ounces of milk
Candy with fructose or sucrose such as 20 to 25 skittles, 2 strips of fruit rolls, or 10 to 20 jelly beans
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When to give a second dose of epinephrine?
You can administer a second dose of epinephrine if the person is still having signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis 5 to 10 minutes after administering the first dose and EMS has not arrived.
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