ADRs And DDIs Flashcards
what may ADRs be caused by?
any drug working in human body,
by toxicity/ normal mechanism of drug
treatment of ADRs? (3)
- Meds treatments for long/short term
- Vaccination
- Treatments for diagnostic patients
role of pharmacist in this topic?
Prevent visceral reactions of patients by choosing which drug to/ not to prescribe.
De-prescribing
Body systems change throughout life e.g. kidneys: change to how patient react to drugs- important to know
Susceptibility factors may make patients prone to ADRs
Downsides of ADRs:
- Harm to patients: morbidity, disability..
- Big burden on NHS and patients
also may:
reduce compliance and effects of drugs
WHO ADR definition:
any response to a drug that is noxious and unintended and that occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis, diagnosis (X rays)/ therapy (antibiotics)
EU definition, what do ADRs arise from?
”” This includes adverse reactions which arise from:
• the use of a medicinal product within the terms of the marketing authorisation;
- the use outside the terms of the marketing authorisation, including overdose, off-label use, misuse, abuse and medication errors;
- occupational exposure.
2 main classification systems of ADRs?
The Rawlins Thompson Classification system
The DOTS classification system.
T/F any ADR that occurs after use of drug is linked to it?
false: may/ may not be linked to use of drug.
Temporal relationship: timing, overlaps…
What is an adverse drug event?
An adverse outcome in a patient which occurs after the use of a drug, but which may or may not be linked to use of the drug
classifying ADRs on serious/ not serious.
when may reaction be “serious”?
any reaction which results in or prolongs hospitalisation (42%)
Apart from resulting in/ prolonging hospitalisation, what else are serious reactions? (5)
those that are: • fatal (5%) • life-threatening (20%) • disabling/incapacitating (10%) • cause congenital abnormalities (1%) • medically significant (22% - e.g. hyperkalaemia having no symptoms but still risk factor for cardiac arrhythmias)
What is an example of occupational exposure mentioned in the EU definition of ADRs?
e.g. pharmacist has anaphylactic reaction to antibiotic while making it
drug classes resulting in ADRs and their % (most common-> least)
NSAIDs diurietics warfarin ACEi antidepressants Beta blockers opiated digoxin prednisolone
What is the difference between an adverse drug reaction and adverse drug event?
- adverse drug events are not necessarily caused by the drug
- therefore all ADRs are ADEs, but not all ADEs are ADRs
What are the 2 main ADR groups of the Rawlins-Thompson classification system?
type A ADRs:pharmacology planning to expect action in person
type B ADRs: not directly related to pharmacology of drug
RT classification system:
Are type A ADRs dose-related or not?
type A are dose-related, meaning the higher the dose the stronger the ADR
RT classification system:
Are type B ADRs dose-related or not?
type B are NOT dose-related, meaning the reaction is the same independent of the dose
What is a type A ADR? (dose related? common? predictable? related to pharmacology? morbidity? mortality?)
- Dose related
- Common
- predictable as they’re related to the pharmacology
- high morbidity
- Low mortality
What are 3 examples of type A ADRs
(of digoxin, betablocker, hypnotic)?
digoxin = toxicity betablocker = bradycardia hypnotic = sedation (fall and break hip)
What is a type B ADR?
dose related? common? predictable? related to pharmacology? morbidity? mortality?
- Not dose related/dependant
- Uncommon
- unpredictable due to not being related to pharmacology
- low morbidity
- High mortality
What are 3 examples of type B ADRs
(of penicillin, anaesthetics, statins)?
- penicillin = hypersensitivty (anaphylaxis)
- anaesthetics = malignant hyperthermia
- statins = hepatitis
none of these reactions are related to the pharmacologically desired effect
What type B reaction can occur with carbamazepine?
Stevens Johnson syndrome (SJS)/toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)
What allele significantly increases the risk of Stevens Johnson syndrome with carbamazepine use?
HLA-B*1502 allele, almost exclusively in patients with ancestry across Asia
What type B reaction can occur with ace-inhibitors?
angioedema:
• Life threatening
• Rare
• Unlikely to be picked up in clinical trials
• Biggest cause of angioedema presenting to A&E
• 0.2% incidence
Explain Type C AD reaction
- dose related and time related
- uncommon
- related to cumulative dose
- repeated and chronic use of a drug leads to an ADR
- don’t use high dose steiroids- can cause this
how can type C ADR be dexcribed and give examples
chronic
. Cushing’s syndrome: oversupply of endrogenous corticosteroids e.g. prednisolone
Explain Type D ADR
- time related
- uncommon
- usually dose related
- occurs soon or some time after the use of the drug
examples of Type D ADR
Carcinogens
Renal cancer with Aristolochia, skin cancers, lymphomas
Another classification type: DoTS
Outlines how reac happens, important factors of ADR and patient
Explain type E ADR
- withdrawal reactions
- uncommon
- occur soon after withdrawal
example of type E ADR
myocardial infarction after beta-blocker withdrawal and there’s no regulation of receptors
Explain type F ADR
- common
- dose related
- cause by DDI
example type F ADR
St Johns Wort and oral contraceptives (failure in presence of enzyme inducer)
what do rawlins-thompson types of reactions A-F stand for?
Actions expect Bizarre Chronic Delayed End of use Failure
what does DoTS system stand for?
3 factors in which ADR can occur- Dose, Time, Susceptibility
DoTS system:
explain dose relatedness (3 sections)
Dose (response) The ADR can occur
- at doses below therapeutic doses (hypersusceptibilty)
- in the therapeutic dose range (collateral effects)
- at high doses (toxic effects)
DoTS system:
explain time relatedness (2 sections)
Time independant/ dependant reacts
Time ( Course) can be characteristic
- with the first dose
- early or after a time, or with long-term treatment
- on stopping treatment
- delayed
DoTS system:
explain susceptibility- when may it increase
and example
Susceptibility can be defined
- Genetics
- Age
- Sex
- Physiological state
- Disease
- Exogenous drugs or food
e.g. congenital defects: men not at risk
give examples of DoTS class: ADRs occuring during
a) low doses
b) in therap range
c) high doses
a) toxicity: anaphylaxis with penicillin
b) collateral: nausea with morphine
c) hypersusceptibilty: liver failure with paracetamol form overwhelming the pathways
how do dose related effects look like on dose response curve?
(therap response/ dose)
sigmoidal shape:
hypersuscep… collateral (increasing)…. toxic effects
example of when time course characteristic • Early/ after time/ with long term treatment:
- nitrate induced headache first few days, body may start to tolerate after.
- 10 days- 10 weeks: toxic epidermal necrolysis.
- Several weeks: drug induced Cushings syndrome
On stopping treatment (withdrawal): paroxetine withdrawal syndrome
Delayed: clear cell cancer with stilbestrol
DoTS: susceptibility give examples of each of the following: -Genetics -age -sex -Physiological state -Exogenous drugs/foods -Disease
- Genetics: haemolysis with chloroquine in G6PD deficiency
- Age: parkonism with prochlorperazine in elderly
- Sex: ACE inhibitor cough in women
- Physiological state: phenytoin in pregnancy, sodium valproate
- Exogenous drugs/foods: warfarin increased by cranberry juice: and increased INR
- Disease: Gentamicin and deafness in renal failure
Using DoTS system: type C example
1. Osteoporosis due to corticosteroids: typically Type C • Dose: collateral • Timing: late • Susceptibility: age older, sex female Helps see factors to change to avoid ADR
Using DoTS system: type D example
- Anaphylaxis due to penicllin: typically Type B
• Dose: hypersusceptibility
• Timing: first dose
• Susceptibility: unclear, requires previous sensitisation
aims of Causality assessment?
- Decide on nature of further enquiries. Set up cohort study/ case control
- Satisfy regulatory requirements
- Decide whether drug caused an ADR. Normally based on probability- if accessible, enough data
- Aid signal identification. finding new signal of ADR harm in drug prev.
- Classify reports: i.e. likely/unlikely/probable
- Provide basis for label change: ADR list in summary of product
why is a clinical causallity assessment done?
assess Does drug —–> ADR for sure?
Making regulatory decisions to keep drug on market/ restrict use
9 Important factors to consider in causality assessment
Temporal relationship: time Clinical characteristics of event Pharmacological plausibility ..Existing info about drug and ADRs Concomitant meds Underlying/concurrent diseases Dechallenge/rechallenge Patient characteristics Potential for drug interactions
whys Temporal relationship: time
an important factors to consider in causality assessment
- Can strengthen causal association- case of anaphylaxis occurring immediately after parenteral med admin.
- Timing of ADR may be misleading e.g. cholestatic jaundice caused by flucloxacillin may manifest days-weeks after therapy completion. Week relationship
- With long term reactions: think reaction systemic- ADRs to steroids usually.
- Can be complex, look at DoTS system for info