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Pharmacology. 11. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists. > Adrenergic Agonists. > Flashcards

Adrenergic Agonists. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 ways that agonists are classed due to the way they act?

A

Direct acting agonists.

Indirect acting agonists.

Mixed action agonists.

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2
Q

What are direct acting agonists?

A

They will directly bind to alpha and beta receptors.

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3
Q

What are 5 examples of direct binding agonists?

A

Epinephrine.

Norepinephrine.

Dopamine.

Phenylephrine.

Clonidine.

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4
Q

What are indirect acting agonists?

A

Drugs that release norepinephrine from storgage vesicles in the pre-synaptic neuron.

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of indirect binding agonists?

A

Amphetamine.

Tyramine.

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6
Q

What is the action of mixed action agonists?

A

They directly stimulate adrenoceptors and release norepinephrine from storage vesicles.

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7
Q

What is an example of a mixed action agonist?

A

Ephendrine.

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8
Q

What is the action, route of administration and effects of methoxamine?

A

Action. Direct.

Route of administration. IV/IM.

Effects. Vasoconstriction + hypertension.

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9
Q

Will the hyypertensive effects of methoxamine last for a long time?

A

No.

Baroceptors detect the change in blood pressure and this leads to bradycardia.

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10
Q

What is the therapeutic use of methoxamine?

A

It used to treat hypotension during surgery.

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11
Q

What are the side effects of methoxamine?

A

Headaches.

Vomiting.

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12
Q

What is the therapeutic use and route of administration of metaramol?

A

Therapeutic use. Used to treat hypotension during spinal anaesthesia.

Route of administration. IM/IV/SC.

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13
Q

What effects will metaramol have on the body?

A

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

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14
Q

What is the action and therapeutic uses of phenylephrine?

A

Direct acting alpha-1 agonist.

Therapeutic uses. Nasal decongestant, mydriatic or vasopressor.

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15
Q

What are the actions of a mydriatic drug?

A

They dilate the muscles of the eye.

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16
Q

What are the actions of a vasopressor drug?

A

Vasoconstriction and increased blood pressure.

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17
Q

Why is phenylephrine used to treat flu?

A

As it causes vasoconstriction in the blood vessels of the nose.

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18
Q

What is the mode of action and therapeutic use of phenypropanolamine?

A

Mode of action. Direct alpha-1 adrenergic agonist.

Therapeutic use. It is used to treat urinary incontinence in dogs.

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19
Q

What is the mode of action and therapeutic use of oxymetazoline?

A

Alpha-1 and partial alpha-2 agonist.

Used as a nasal decongestant or as an eye drop.

20
Q

What receptors will the drug clonidine act on?

A

Alpha 2 receptors in the cardiovascular centres of the CNS.

21
Q

What are the 3 effects of clonidine on the body?

A

It suppresses outflow of the sympathetic nervous system.

It modulates the CNS perception of pain.

It induces sedation.

22
Q

What is the best route of administration for clonidine?

A

Orally.

23
Q

Why is clonidine a good drug to give animals that have renal problems?

A

As it does not affect the renal blood flow.

24
Q

Where are alpha 2 receptors located and what happens when they are stimulated?

A

They are located in the pre-synaptic neuron and inhibit the release of norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

25
Q

Clonidine is often given to treat what condition?

A

Hypertension as it acts on the cardiovascular centres associated with the CNS.

26
Q

How does clonidine relieve hypertension?

A

By preventing the release of norepinephrine it means that vasoconstrictors are no longer in the system and this allows blood vessels to dilate.

27
Q

What are the therapeutic uses and side effects of clonidine?

A

Therapeutic uses. Used to treat hypertension and increase sedation.

Side effects. Sedation, sexual dysfunction, bradycardia.

28
Q

What is the mode of action and therapeutic use of apraclonidine?

A

Mode of action. Direct A2 agonist.

Therapeutic use. Used to treat glaucoma.

29
Q

Drugs that are used to treat glaucoma will do what?

A

Reduce intraocular pressure.

30
Q

Xylazine is used as what kind of drug in what animals?

A

As a sedative/muscle relaxant in large animals.

31
Q

What is the mode of action, therapeutic use and side effects of xylazine?

A

Mode of action. Activation of A2 receptors in the locus coeruleus of the CNS.

Therapeutic use. Anaesthetic pre-medication.

Side effects. Bradycardia, myocardial depression.

32
Q

What is the therapuetic use of detomadine?

A

It is used as a sedative for large animals.

It also has some analgesic action.

33
Q

Detomadine will affect what kind of receptors?

A

Alpha-2 receptors.

34
Q

How is detomadine adminstered?

A

Via IV.

35
Q

Why would you combine detomadine with butophanol?

A

It improves analgesia and sedation.

36
Q

Why would you combine detomadine with ketamine?

A

For general anaesthesia.

37
Q

What is the mode of action and effects of medetomidine?

A

Mode of action. Alpha-2 receptor agonist.

Effects. It is a sedative with analgesic action.

38
Q

What animals is medetmoidine administered to?

A

Small animals and horses.

39
Q

What is the main use of medetomidine?

A

It is used to help horses and small animals come out of anaesthesia.

40
Q

Romifidine is given to what animals?

A

Horses.

41
Q

What are the effects of dexmedetomidine?

A

It helps small animals come out of anaesthesia and can be given in smaller doses than medetomidine.

42
Q

What is the mode of action of methyl dopa?

A

It is metabolised to alpha-methyl norepinephrine in the pre-synaptic vesicles of the brain.

This binds to alpha-2 receptors and inhibits the release of norepinephrine.

It also inhibits DOPA decarboxylase and stops the formation of dopamine.

43
Q

Methyldopa is used to treat what condition?

A

Hypertension.

44
Q

What are the 4 therapeutic actions of alpha-1 agonists?

A

Treatment of hypotension.

Treatment of urinary incontinence.

Treatment of mydriasis via dilation of eye.

Use as a nasal decongestant.

45
Q

What are the 4 therapeutic actions of alpha-2 agonists?What are the 4 therapeutic actions of alpha-1 agonists?

A

As an anaesthetic pre-medication.

Treatment of glaucoma.

Treatment of hypertension.

Pharmacology. 11. Adrenergic Agonists and Antagonists. (7 decks)

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