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Endocrine Physiology - daves notes only so far > Adrenal medulla dave's notes only so far > Flashcards

Adrenal medulla dave's notes only so far Flashcards

1
Q

What is the adrenal medulla derived from?

A

From cells of the neural crest; it can be considered a modified sympathetic ganglion

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2
Q

Name cells of the adrenal medulla and describe their innervation

A

Chromaffin cells are innervated by preganglionic sympathetic fibres and secrete directly into the blood stream

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3
Q

What neurotransmitter is secreted by the preganglionic axon?

A

Acetylcholine

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4
Q

What do chromaffin cells secrete?

A

Catecholamines i.e. Adrenaline 85%, Noradrenaline 15%, and small amounts of dopamine

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5
Q

What are catecholamines synthesised from? What is this dependant on? What is the half life of catecholamines?

A

Catecholamines are synthesised from tyrosine (stored in granules), and are dependant on cortisol. Half life of 2.5 mins

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6
Q

What causes an increase in catecholamine secretion

A

Stress, exercise, hypoglycaemia

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7
Q

What causes a decrease in catecholamine secretion?

A

Sleep

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8
Q

Via what are the effects of catecholamines?

A

Via adrenergic receptors (alpha 1, and 2, Beta 1 and 2)

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9
Q

What is the strength and effect of noradrenaline and adrenalin on Alpha 1 receptors? Via what mechanism? Give examples of effects on Alpha 1 receptors.

A

Both have a strong effect on alpha 1 receptors. Effects are vasoconstriction, glycogenolysis, intestinal relaxation, pupillary dilatation. PpC->IP3->Ca2+

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10
Q

What is the strength and effect of noradrenaline and adrenalin on Alpha 2 receptors? Via what mechanism? Give examples of effects on Alpha 2 receptors.

A

Both have a strong effect on alpha 2 receptors. Effects are platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction. Mechanism of action is via decreased cAMP

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11
Q

What is the strength and effect of noradrenaline and adrenalin on Beta 1 receptors? Via what mechanism? Give examples of effects on Beta 1 receptors.

A

Both have a strong effect on Beta 1 receptors. Effects are cardiac stimulation, lipolysis, intestinal relaxation. Mechanism of action is via increased cAMP

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12
Q

What is the strength and effect of noradrenaline and adrenalin on Beta 2 receptors? Via what mechanism? Give examples of effects on Beta 2 receptors.

A

Adrenaline has a strong effect on Beta 2 receptors. Noradrenaline has a weak effect on Beta 2 receptors. Effects of Beta 2 receptor stimulation is bronghodilatation, vasodilation, uterine relaxation. Mechanism of action is via increased cAMP

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13
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the heart? Via what receptor?

A

Via B1 - increased HR, increased force, increased excitability increased SPB, wider pulse pressure

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14
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the veins? Via what receptor?

A

Via A1 - vasoconstriction

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15
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the arterioles? Via what receptor?

A

Via A1 and A2 - vasoconstriction in most arterioles, but no effect on cerebral and coronary arterioles

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16
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on smooth muscle? Via what receptor?

A

Via B2 and A1 - general relaxation, sphincter contraction

17
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on sweat glands? Via what receptor?

A

Via A1 - increases sweating

18
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on the eye? Via what receptor?

A

Via A1 - pupil dilatation

19
Q

What are the effects of adrenaline on metabolism?

A

Increases glycogenolysis and lipolysis

20
Q

What are the effects of noradrenaline relative to adrenaline?

A

Similar to adrenaline but while adrenaline causes vasodilatation in skeletal muscle, noradrenaline causes vasoconstriction

21
Q

What are the effects of dopamine?

A

Dopamine stimulates the heart via B1 receptors, causes general vasoconstriction but renal vasodilatation, and increases SBP

22
Q

What degrades dopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

MAO

23
Q

What else does monoamineoxidase degrade?

A

Melatonin

Endocrine Physiology - daves notes only so far (9 decks)

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