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HOS Exam 4 > Adrenal Hormones > Flashcards

Adrenal Hormones Flashcards

1
Q

Chromaffin cells in the medulla secrete _(2)

A

Epi and norepi

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2
Q

The cortex zona glomerulosa secretes _

A

mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

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3
Q

The cortex zona fasciculata secretes _

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens

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4
Q

The cortex zona reticularis secretes _

A

Androgens and glucocorticoids

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5
Q

Blood flow patterns in the adrenal glands ensure that blood flows from _ to _ ([cortex/medulla]

A

Cortex to medulla

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6
Q

The catecholamines mediate the short term fight or flight responses. One area where they have no direct effects is _

A

CNS. Cannot cross BBB

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7
Q

What types of receptors to catecholamines bind? What are the receptors of NE? Epi?

A

GPCR
NE- a1, a2, b1
Epi - a1, a2, b1, b2

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8
Q

Of the catecholamine receptors, which is inhibitory? which binds epi with highest affinity?

A

a2

b2

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9
Q

The rate limiting step of catecholamine synthesis is mediate by what enzyme? What order are catcholamines made?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylase

DA-NE-Epi

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10
Q

What is a pheochromocytoma? What are symptoms?

A

A tumor of chromaffin cells oversecreting catecholamines

Sudden onset “fight/flight” symptoms

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11
Q

The precursor for mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids and sex steroids is _

A

Cholesterol

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12
Q

The protein that chaperones cholesterol to the mitochondria is _

A

StAR

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13
Q

The rate limiting step for steroid hormone synthesis is the production of _. It is catalyzed by what enzyme? Where does this occur (2)?

A

Pregnenolone synthesis
Desmolase
Mitochondria and ER

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14
Q

In the gonads, what enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol?

A

Aromatase

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15
Q

What enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?

A

5-alpha-reductase

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16
Q

Between aldosterone and cortisol, which has a shorter half life? Why?

A

Aldosterone, because it circulates in free form, vs. cortisol circulates bound to cortisol binding globulin

17
Q

The major effect of aldosterone is _. What life threatening condition can occur in the absence of aldosterone?

A

Na rebsorption, K+ secretion

Hyperkalemia

18
Q

Aldosterone escape refers to _

A

The ability of the body to stop aldosterone from continually increasing extracellular volume

19
Q

Cortisol and aldosterone can bind the same mineralocorticoid receptor. What prevent this from occuring?

A

Enzyme 11-beta-HSD2 is expressed in aldosterone responsive tissues, hydrolyzes cortisol to cortisone

20
Q

The 2 major + regulators of aldosterone release are_. The major - regulator is _

A

High plasma K+, Renin-Ang-system

ANP

21
Q

Increased gluconeogenesis, decreased cellular glucose utilization, increased blood glucose are all effects of _

A

Glucocorticoids

22
Q

Increased fat mobilization from arms and legs, decreased protein synthesis, anti-inflammatory effects are all effects of _

A

Gluco-corticoids

23
Q

Decreased lymphocyte proliferation and decreased cytokine synthesis are effects of _

A

Glucocorticoids

24
Q

ACTH sequences are contained within the same peptide fragment containing _ (2)

A

POMC

MSH

25
Q

Too much ACTH can cause hyperpigmentation because _

A

MSH is contained within the same protein fragment

26
Q

Glucocorticoid receptors are found in _. How do they exert their effects?

A

Nucleus

Bind glucocorticoids, which homodimerize and bind GRE (glucocorticoid response element)

27
Q

Glucocorticoids have what effect on POMC expression?

A

Reduce it, long loop negative feedback because it is on the same transcript as ACTH

28
Q

What is Addison’s disease? What can cause it (2)?

A

Combined MC and GC deficiency

Autoimmune cortex destruction, TB

29
Q

What is Conn’s syndrome? What are the major findsings regarding Na+ and K+?

A

Zona glomerulosa tumor

Increased Na+ retention, decreased K+

30
Q

Cortisol hypersecretion can cause _. How do you differentiate between the 2?

A

Cushing’s syndrome or Cushing’s disease

Bolus dexamethasone, if it suppresses ACTH and cortisol, then Cushing’s disease

31
Q

What is adrenal diabetes?

A

High blood sugar from too much cortisol

32
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia results from _

A

Blockade of cortisol synthesis, no negative feedback to block ACTH

33
Q

What is Adrenogenital syndrome?

A

Hypersecretion of DHEA, leading to masculinization of females or virilization of males

HOS Exam 4 (7 decks)

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