Adrenal glands

Question 1

adrenal cortex

Answer 1

outer layer of the adrenal gland

Question 2

adrenal gland

Answer 2

lies above the kidneys which release adrenaline and a number of other hormones known as corticoids such as aldosterone.

Question 3

adrenaline

Answer 3

a hormone released from the adrenal glands which stimulates the body to prepare for fight or flight.

Question 4

adrenal medulla

Answer 4

the inner layer of the adrenal gland

Question 5

adrenal cortex and medulla

Answer 5

well supplied with blood vessels and produce hormones which are secreted directly into the blood vessels.

Question 6

The adrenal cortex has 3 distinct layers

Answer 6

• zona glomerulosa- outermost layer secreting mineralocorticoids.
• zona fasciculata- the middle layer which secretes glucocorticoids such as cortisol.
• zona reticularis- innermost layer, thought to secrete precursor molecules that are used to make ex hormones.

Question 7

The adrenal medulla

Answer 7

found at the centre of the adrenal gland and secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 8

What does the adrenal cortex use?

Answer 8

cholesterol to produce a range of hormones.
these hormones are steroid based- bale to enter cells directly by dissolving into the plasma membrane.
The steroid hormones enter the nucleus and have a direct effect on the DNA to cause protein synthesis.

Question 9

action of steroid hormones

Answer 9

1- the steroid hormone passes through the cell membrane of the target cell.
2- the steroid hormone binds with a specific receptor (with a complimentary shape) in the cytoplasm
3- the receptor steroid hormone complex enters the nucleus of the target cell and binds to another specific receptor on the chromosomal material.
4-Binding stimulates the production of messenger RNA molecules which code for the production of proteins.

Question 10

Hormones from adrenal cortex have a variety of roles in the body.

Answer 10

• Mineralcorticoids from zona help to control concentrations of sodium and potassium in the blood.
  -Glucocortoids from the zona fasiculata help to control the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the liver.

Question 11

The role of adrenaline is to prepare the body for activity, which includes these effects

Answer 11

• relaxing smooth muscle in the bronchioles
• increasing strokes volume of the heart
• increasing the heart rate
• causing general vasoconstriction to raise blood pressure
• stimulating conversion of glycogen to glucose
• dilating pupils
• causing body hair to stand erect.