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Adrenal Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), zona fasciculata (cortisol), zona reticularis (sex steroids)

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2
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa?

A

Aldosterone

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3
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the zona fasciculata?

A

Cortisol

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4
Q

What is the primary hormone produced by the zona reticularis?

A

Androgens (sex steroids)

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5
Q

What is the role of aldosterone?

A

Regulates sodium retention, electrolyte balance, intravascular volume, and blood pressure

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6
Q

What is the role of cortisol?

A

Regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress response

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7
Q

What is the role of the adrenal medulla?

A

Produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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8
Q

What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in pediatrics?

A

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

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9
Q

What is the typical presentation of primary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation

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10
Q

What is the treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency?

A

Hydrocortisone bolus (50-100 mg/m² IV) and fluid resuscitation

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11
Q

What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

21-hydroxylase deficiency

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12
Q

What is the typical presentation of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

A

Salt-wasting crisis, virilization in females, and ambiguous genitalia

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13
Q

What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

A

Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement

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14
Q

What is the typical presentation of Addison disease?

A

Hyperpigmentation, salt craving, postural hypotension, and fasting hypoglycemia

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of Addison disease?

A

Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland

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16
Q

What is the typical presentation of Cushing syndrome?

A

Weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, violaceous striae, and hypertension

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17
Q

What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in children?

A

Pituitary microadenoma (Cushing disease)

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18
Q

What is the treatment for Cushing syndrome?

A

Surgical removal of the tumor, followed by glucocorticoid replacement

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19
Q

What is the typical presentation of pheochromocytoma?

A

Hypertension, headache, diaphoresis, and palpitations

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20
Q

What is the treatment for pheochromocytoma?

A

Surgical removal after preoperative blood pressure control with alpha and beta blockers

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21
Q

What is the role of ACTH in adrenal physiology?

A

Stimulates cortisol and androgen production in the adrenal cortex

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22
Q

What is the role of CRH in adrenal physiology?

A

Stimulates ACTH release from the pituitary

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23
Q

What is the typical presentation of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Glucocorticoid deficiency without mineralocorticoid deficiency (normal electrolytes)

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24
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

A

Chronic glucocorticoid use with suppression of the HPA axis

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25
What is the treatment for secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Hydrocortisone replacement
26
What is the typical presentation of adrenal crisis?
Hypotension, hypoglycemia, and shock, often triggered by stress or illness
27
What is the treatment for adrenal crisis?
Hydrocortisone bolus, fluid resuscitation, and glucose administration
28
What is the typical presentation of 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency?
Hypertension, hypokalemia, and virilization due to increased mineralocorticoids and androgens
29
What is the typical presentation of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency?
Salt-wasting crisis, incomplete virilization in males, and mild virilization in females
30
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in aldosterone regulation?
Stimulates aldosterone production in response to low blood pressure or low sodium
31
What is the typical presentation of adrenal hemorrhage?
Acute adrenal insufficiency, often following trauma or sepsis
32
What is the typical presentation of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia, leading to shock and adrenal crisis
33
What is the role of cortisol in the stress response?
Increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, and maintains blood pressure
34
What is the
35
What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?
Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids), zona fasciculata (cortisol), zona reticularis (sex steroids)
36
What is the primary hormone produced by the zona glomerulosa?
Aldosterone
37
What is the primary hormone produced by the zona fasciculata?
Cortisol
38
What is the primary hormone produced by the zona reticularis?
Androgens (sex steroids)
39
What is the role of aldosterone?
Regulates sodium retention, electrolyte balance, intravascular volume, and blood pressure
40
What is the role of cortisol?
Regulates metabolism, immune response, and stress response
41
What is the role of the adrenal medulla?
Produces catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
42
What is the most common cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in pediatrics?
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)
43
What is the typical presentation of primary adrenal insufficiency?
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, weight loss, hypoglycemia, hypotension, and hyperpigmentation
44
What is the treatment for acute adrenal insufficiency?
Hydrocortisone bolus (50-100 mg/m² IV) and fluid resuscitation
45
What is the most common cause of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
21-hydroxylase deficiency
46
What is the typical presentation of 21-hydroxylase deficiency?
Salt-wasting crisis, virilization in females, and ambiguous genitalia
47
What is the treatment for congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone replacement
48
What is the typical presentation of Addison disease?
Hyperpigmentation, salt craving, postural hypotension, and fasting hypoglycemia
49
What is the most common cause of Addison disease?
Autoimmune destruction of the adrenal gland
50
What is the typical presentation of Cushing syndrome?
Weight gain, moon face, buffalo hump, violaceous striae, and hypertension
51
What is the most common cause of Cushing syndrome in children?
Pituitary microadenoma (Cushing disease)
52
What is the treatment for Cushing syndrome?
Surgical removal of the tumor, followed by glucocorticoid replacement
53
What is the typical presentation of pheochromocytoma?
Hypertension, headache, diaphoresis, and palpitations
54
What is the treatment for pheochromocytoma?
Surgical removal after preoperative blood pressure control with alpha and beta blockers
55
What is the role of ACTH in adrenal physiology?
Stimulates cortisol and androgen production in the adrenal cortex
56
What is the role of CRH in adrenal physiology?
Stimulates ACTH release from the pituitary
57
What is the typical presentation of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Glucocorticoid deficiency without mineralocorticoid deficiency (normal electrolytes)
58
What is the most common cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Chronic glucocorticoid use with suppression of the HPA axis
59
What is the treatment for secondary adrenal insufficiency?
Hydrocortisone replacement
60
What is the typical presentation of adrenal crisis?
Hypotension, hypoglycemia, and shock, often triggered by stress or illness
61
What is the treatment for adrenal crisis?
Hydrocortisone bolus, fluid resuscitation, and glucose administration
62
What is the typical presentation of 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency?
Hypertension, hypokalemia, and virilization due to increased mineralocorticoids and androgens
63
What is the typical presentation of 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency?
Salt-wasting crisis, incomplete virilization in males, and mild virilization in females
64
What is the role of the renin-angiotensin system in aldosterone regulation?
Stimulates aldosterone production in response to low blood pressure or low sodium
65
What is the typical presentation of adrenal hemorrhage?
Acute adrenal insufficiency, often following trauma or sepsis
66
What is the typical presentation of Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome?
Adrenal hemorrhage associated with meningococcemia, leading to shock and adrenal crisis
67
What is the role of cortisol in the stress response?
Increases blood glucose, suppresses immune response, and maintains blood pressure
68
What is the

Pediatrics (11 decks)

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