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LCRS RepDevAge > Adolescence and Early Adulthood > Flashcards

Adolescence and Early Adulthood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the stages of adolescence?

A

o Early 11-14.
o Middle 14-17.
o Late 18-21.

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2
Q

when do girls start growing taller?

A

early in puberty

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3
Q

when do boys start growing taller?

A

late in puberty

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4
Q

what is the gender difference in puberty?

A

girls grow taller, start puberty and are more mature, earlier than boys do.

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5
Q

when do the sexes start puberty?

A

girls start puberty around 8 (with breast budding)

whilst boys start around 10.5.

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6
Q

when is peak puberty for boys and girls?

A

peak for girls is 11-13.5

peak for boys is 13-15.

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7
Q

what are early maturing girls and late maturing boys at risk of?

A

depression, substance abuse, ASBOs, eating disorders and bullying.

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8
Q

what happens to grey matter as you reach adolescence? what happens to white matter? what other cortical changes occur?

A
  • grey matter decreases in the brain
    pre-frontal cortex increases in density of grey matter until puberty, then decrease.
  • cortical white matter increases
  • Synaptogenesis followed by pruning (synapse elimination) occurs so unneeded connections are removed so to learn more complex things
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9
Q

when do certain lobes develop to their peak?

A
  • ~12yrs: Frontal and parietal lobes develop peak.

* ~16yrs:Temporal lobes develop peak.

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10
Q

which area of the brain is last to develop?

A

Dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex

association areas in general develop last while regions associated with basic functions like sensory and motor processing develop first

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11
Q

what are the Piaget’s stages of development?

A
  • Birth to 2: Sensorimotor stage.
  • 2 to7: Preoperational stage
    – symbolic thinking.
  • 7 to 11: Concrete operational stage
    – reason logically.
  • 11 to 15: Formal operational stage
    – abstract, idealistic, logical and hypothetical reasoning.
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12
Q

how does morality develop throughout time?

A 
Kohlberg's Theory
- Level 1 + 2: Pre-conventional 
– desire to avoid punishment.
- Level 3 +4: Conventional 
– to illicit validation from others.
- Level 5 +6: Post-conventional
 – internal moral code and independent of others.
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13
Q

what is Harter’s 8-dimension model of self-concept?

A

Scholastic, job, athletic, physical appearance, social acceptance, close friends, romantic appeal and conduct of self

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14
Q

what is the clinical implication of low self-esteem on adolescents?

A

can lead to depression, anxiety, poor academia, social isolation but can also happen to normal esteem

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15
Q

how does ethnic identity develop in cultural minorities?

A

1) Integration
– retain base culture, develop and maintain with mainstream culture as well.
2) Assimilation
– lose base culture, develop and maintain into mainstream culture.
3) Separation
– retain base culture, no development into mainstream culture.
4) Marginalisation
– lose base culture, no development into mainstream culture.

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16
Q

what is the role of family in development?

A

Conflict with parents
– most adolescents have good relationships, high confiding in mothers.

Family connectedness is associated with
– reduced risk behaviours and increased self-esteem

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17
Q

how does peer development change throughout adolescence?

A

1) Primary school (7-11)
– goal to be accepted by peers, prefer same gender and gain loyalty.

2) 11-13
– expect genuineness, intimacy, common interests, emergence of cliques.

3) 13-16
– friendship goals, cross-gender relationships and develop larger groups.

4) 16-18
– emotional support expected and increase dyadic romantic ties.

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18
Q

how do boys and girls differ in relationships with others?

A

Boys
– less intimate, disclosing and friendships embedded in larger circles.

Girls
– close and confiding relationships but are more brittle.

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19
Q

what influences may peers and parents have on a developing teen?

A

Peers influence – interpersonal style, fashion/entertainment.

Parents influence – academic choice, career choice and future aspirations.

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20
Q

what two theories describe the onset of puberty?

A

1) Maturation of the CNS affecting GnRH neurones (increased release)
2) Altered set-point to gonadal steroid negative feedback.

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21
Q

what is menarche?

A

the first occurrence of menstruation

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22
Q

why has menarche been pushed to earlier ages in the last 150 years?

A

possibly due to better nutrition available

but body weight has remained constant over those years

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23
Q

what is adrenarche?

A

early sexual maturation stage (10 or 11):
–> DHEA, DHEAS is made by the adrenals
rather than gonadly using the HPA axis rather than PPG axis.

Hair growth results
increase in adrenal androgen production

24
Q

what does Kisspeptin do? what can stimulate kisspeptin?

A

stimulates GnRH and the GnRHr.

Increased leptin can stimulate Kisspeptin and thus stimulate more GnRH.

hence early puberty

25
Q

what is the effect of childhood obesity on puberty?

A

early puberty

26
Q

what is pruning? what is the significance of this?

A

brain’s way of removing connections in the brain that are no longer needed.

Increases risk taking

27
Q

what are the cardinal features of anorexia nervosa?

A

1) Body weight maintained 15% below expected weight
(or BMI < 17.5)
- through self induced weight loss

2) Psychopathology
– dread of fatness and preoccupation with this.

3) Endocrine abnormalities
– amenorrhoea, delayed growth (in younger people)

most sufferers are female (90%)

28
Q

what are the causes of anorexia n?

A
  • genetics
  • perfectionism
  • some subcultures
  • abuse and adversity
  • higher social class.
29
Q

how is anorexia nervosa treated?

A
  • family intervention
  • cognitive behavioural therapy
  • (small %) weight restoration may require hospital administration
30
Q

what is bulimia nervosa?

A

Like anorexia nervosa but involves a preoccupation with eating and then involves purging

31
Q

what are the types of pre-pubertal depression?

A

(1) common with co-morbid behavioural problems, bad upbringing (bad parents etc.), course of this resembles children with a conduct disorder. No increased risk of recurrence in later life.
(2) less common, highly familial, high rates of anxiety and bipolar. Recurrence common

32
Q

what is adolescent depressive disorder?

A

Irritability instead of sadness (especially in boys), social withdrawal.
Outcome with high recurrence and impairment in later adult relationships.

33
Q

what are the symptoms of depression?

A

(1) Persistent sadness or low mood and/or;
(2) Loss of interest or pleasure – anhedonia.
(3) Fatigue/low-energy – anergia.

must be present for at least 2 weeks with associated symptoms like:

(4) Disturbed sleep
(5) poor concentration, (6) low self-confidence, (7) changes in appetite and weight
(8) suicidal thoughts/acts
(9) agitation
(10) guilt or self-blame

34
Q

what are the different clusters of depression symptoms?

A

o Affective
– sadness, loss of enjoyment, irritability.

o Cognitive
– self-blame, hopelessness, guilt.

o Biological
– disturbed sleep, reduced appetite.

35
Q

what development factors predispose a teen to depression?

A

o Endocrine
– especially in females and may increase risk of low mood.
o Relationships with family
– get closer with family as you develop leads to more conflict.
o Peers
– increased involvement with peers as you develop leads to more rejection and conflict.
o Responsibilities and hassle.

36
Q

what are the causes of teen depression?

A
  • genetics
  • family interactions (i.e. criticism)
  • life events.
37
Q

what is the prognosis like in depression?

A
  • pre-pubertal onset has a better prognosis.

- major depression has a high risk of reoccurrence

38
Q

what are the interventions for tackling depression?

A 
o Cognitive behaviour therapy.
o Interpersonal psychotherapy.
o Family intervention (for associated family problems) 
o Anti-depressants 
– SSRIs (for mod to severe depression).
39
Q

what is conduct disorder?

A

persistent (>6 months) failure to control behaviour appropriately within socially defined rules.

40
Q

what are some clinical features of conduct disorder?

A
  • Loses temper and argues
  • defies adult requests or rules
  • Bullies, fights or intimidates
  • Steals and breaks things
  • Tantrums
  • Defiance
  • Defies adult requests or rules
  • Cruelty to animals
  • Destructiveness
  • Fire-setting
  • Truanting
  • Runs away
41
Q

what happens during development that predisposes you to conduct disorder?

A

o Family changes
– less direct surveillance and physical closeness.

o Peer changes (pressure)
– increased involvement with peers may amplify ASBOs.

o Experimentation and risk taking
– rule violation, drugs and alcohol exposure.

common from age 5-15 in deprived city centre areas in males. Associated with larger family sizes and lower socio-economic status

42
Q

how does family influence conduct disorder?

A

poor parenting, discord, lack of warmth, inconsistent discipline, coercive interactions and aggression.

43
Q

what are the wider influences on conduct disorder?

A

poor schools and neighbourhoods

44
Q

what outcomes are there for males and females with conduct disorder?

A

o Males – greater risk of ASBOs in males.

o Females – range of emotional and personality disorders.

45
Q

what are the interventions for conduct disorder?

A

o Children
– problem solving skills.

o Treat underlying co-morbidities
– depression, hyperactivities.

o Parenting programmes.
- family intervention

46
Q

what are the other definitions for conduct disorder?

A 
 Anti-social behaviour 
– defined by society.
 Delinquency/offending
 – defined by the law.
 Conduct disorders 
– defined by psychiatry.
47
Q

what are the types of conduct disorder?

A
  • Unsocialised CD.
  • Oppositional CD.
  • Socialised CD (well integrated in peer group)
  • Depressive CD.
  • Hyperkinetic CD.
48
Q

what happens to grey matter up to puberty? what happens to it towards early adulthood?

A

grey matter in the prefrontal cortex increased up to puberty

density decreased to earlier adulthood

49
Q

what are some male pubertal changes?

A 
growth of scrotum and testes
change in voice
lengthening of penis
growth of pubic hair
growth spurt
growth of facial and underarm hair 
change in body shape.
50
Q

what are some female pubertal changes?

A 
breast budding
growth of pubic hair
growth spurt
first period, growth of underarm hair 
change in body shape.
51
Q

what happens to cortical white matter?

A

increases from puberty

52
Q

where is DHEA produced? what happens to DHEA?

A

adrenal glands

to a lesser degree in the ovaries and testes

is converted to DHEAS in the adrenals and liver

53
Q

what hormones are dependent on DHEA?

A

oestrogen and testosterone

54
Q

what hormones related to protein synthesis and growth does DHEA have a role in?

A

IGF-1

55
Q

what are the names of the stages of Piaget’s model of cognitive development?

A
  • sensorimotor
  • preoperational
  • concrete operational
  • formal operational
56
Q

what are the domains of social development?

A
  • family development
  • peer development
  • friendships
  • school attainment
  • parental conflict
57
Q

why does puberty lead to increased body dissatisfaction?

A

in girls, the increase in adiposity

–> anorexia nervosa

LCRS RepDevAge (9 decks)

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