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Pharmacology > Administration Of Drugs and Drug Handling by the Body > Flashcards

Administration Of Drugs and Drug Handling by the Body Flashcards

0
Q

Which routes of absorption are most suitable for general anaesthetics?

A

Inhalation and intravenous

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1
Q

Which organ is the main site of absorption for orally administered drugs?

A

The small intestine

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2
Q

What do agonists do?

A

Bind to receptors and cause a response

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3
Q

What are the five cellular responses to drugs?

A 
Contraction
Secretion
Excitation
Inhibition
Interruption of the cell cycle
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4
Q

Give an example of a drug that targets the membrane receptors

A

Salbutamol

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5
Q

Give an example of a drug that targets the ion channels

A

Local anaesthetic

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6
Q

Give an example of a drug that targets carrier molecules

A

Omeprazole

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7
Q

Give an example of a drug that targets enzymes

A

Aspirin

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8
Q

Give an example of a drug that targets the DNA

A

Steroids

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9
Q

Describe the the role of a second messenger in relaxing a smooth muscle cell

(Give examples of the drugs and enzymes involved)

A
  1. The drug (ie. Salbutamol) binds to the receptor
  2. The G protein is activated
  3. The activated G protein stimulates the second messenger (Aadenylyl Cyclase) to convert ATP to cyclic AMP
  4. Inactive protein 1 is converted to its active form
  5. Protein 2 is changed, which causes a loss of calcium ions from the cytoplasm
  6. Without the calcium the muscle relaxes
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10
Q

What are the routes of administration?

A 
Oral (eg. Paracetamol tablets)
Topical (eg. Hydrocortisone cream) 
Transdermal (HRT)
Rectal (eg. Prednisolone)
Inhalation (eg. Salbutamol)

Parenteral: intravenous (thiopental) intramuscular (pre-meds) intradermal (local anaesthetics) subcutaneous (insulin) intrathecal (chemotherapy drugs) epidural (nerve blockers)

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11
Q

Define the term bioavailability

A

The amount of drug that reaches the blood stream

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12
Q

What is the first pass metabolism?

A

The metabolism of the drug for the first time as it passes through the liver

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13
Q

What are the key targets for drug interactions?

A 
Receptors
Ion channels
Carrier molecules
Enzymes
DNA

Microorganisms

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14
Q

How are drugs excreted?

A 
In the urine
In bile
In faces
Through the skin
Exhalation
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15
Q

How can drug excretion be increased?

A

By increasing blood flow to the kidneys

By decreasing plasma protein binding

16
Q

Describe Phase 1 in drug metabolism

A

The chemical structure of the drug is altered to make it slightly more water soluble

17
Q

Describe Phase 2 in drug metabolism

A

The drug is conjugated to large molecules (ie. amino acids, sulphate groups) to increase their molecular weight

The metabolite is less chemically reactive

18
Q

What is a pro-drug? (And give an example)

A

A drug that becomes more chemically reactive than the parent drug after phase 1 metabolism

eg. Prednisone becomes prednisolone
Codeine becomes morphine

19
Q

How does metabolism affect liver enzymes?

A

Certain combinations of drugs can induce the liver enzymes, which metabolise the drugs, meaning they are in the bloodstream for a shorter time
eg. Alcohol and carbamazepine

Other substances can inhibit the enzymes so the drugs have a longer duration of action, meaning toxic levels can build up
eg. Grapefruit juice and Prozac

20
Q

Where does drug metabolism take place?

A

Mainly in the SER of the liver

Also:
Kidney
Lung
GI tract
Brain
Plasma
21
Q

Name some formulations of drugs

A 
Tablets 
Capsules
Linctus
Emulsions
Elixirs (alcohol base) 
Syrups
Sprays
22
Q

How does lipid solubility of a drug affect its movement through membranes?

A

Drugs need to be largely lipid soluble for absorption across the plasma membranes in the small intestine to occur.

If they are water soluble they will be removed by the kidneys and will have little or no therapeutic effect

23
Q

Which tissue has the highest blood flow?

A

The kidney

24
Q

How does drug binding to plasma proteins affect its movement through membranes?

A

If a drug is carried around the body bound to plasma proteins it cannot diffuse across the membranes

Drugs can interact and “push” other drugs off the proteins, which means that drug will have an increased effect

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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