ADLER Flashcards
Adler’s theory is called ______ ______.
Individual Psychology
Individual psychology presents an optimistic view on people while relying heavily on the notion of _____ _____.
Social Interest
_____ reduced all motivation to sex and aggression. While _____ saw people as being motivated mostly by social influences and by their striving for superiority or success.
Freud ; Adler
This book assumed that physical deficiencies and not sex is not foundation of human motivation.
Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation
First tenet:
The one dynamic force behind people’s behavior if the striving for _____ or ______.
success ; superiority
People are born with weak and inferior bodies and this condition leads to ______ ______.
inferiority feelings
This motivates people to strive for either success or superiority.
Feelings of Inferiority
Individual psychology holds that everyone begins life with _____ ______.
Physical deficiencies
At first, Adler believed that _____ was the single dynamic force behind motivation.
Aggression
Aggression as the single dynamic forced was replaced by ______ ______.
Masculine Protest
This implied will to power or domination of others.
Masculine Protest
True or False:
Adler abandoned masculine protest as a universal drive and was replaced with striving for superiority.
True
Adler limited the striving for superiority to those people who strive for personal superiority over others and introduced the term striving for success to describe actions of people who are motivated by highly developed ______ ______.
Social Interest
True or False:
The final goal is striving for either success or superiority.
True
The final goal is ______ and has no objective existence.
fictional
True or False:
The final goal is genetically or environmentally determined.
False - it is a product of creative power.
True or False:
Creative power develops at birth.
False - it begins to develop at age 4 or 5 (similar with Freud’s superego).
True or False:
If children feel neglected or pampered, their goal remains largely unconscious.
True
The goal of superiority for a pampered child is to make permanent parasitic relationship with the mother. As an adult, she may appear _____ and ______.
Dependent ; Self-deprecating
This is the person’s ability to freely shape their behavior and personality.
Creative Power
True or False:
Although the striving for success is innate, it must be developed.
True
At birth striving for success exists as _____, not actuality.
Potentiality ; Meaning, people must actualize this potential in his or her own manner.
True or False:
Although creative power is swayed by the forces of heredity and environment, it is ultimately responsible for people’s personality.
True: Heredity establishes the potentiality, whereas environment contributes to the development of social interest and courage.
People who strive for personal superiority have goals that are personal and motivated by exaggerate ______ ______.
Inferiority feelings
People who strive for personal gain are those psychologically healthy people who are motivated by _____ _____.
Social Interest
True or False:
People who strive for success rather than personal superiority maintain a sense of self
True
Second tenet:
People’s ______ ______ shape their behavior and personality.
subjective perceptions
People strive for either success or superiority but the manner in which they strive is not shaped by reality, but by subjective perceptions of reality. That is by their _____.
Fiction
What is our most important fiction?
The goal of superiority or success.
Fictionalism was originated with Hans Vaihinger’s book entitled, ________.
“The Philosophy of As If”
“The Philosophy of As If” believed that _____ have no real existence but they influence people as if they really existed.
Fiction
The notion that men are superior to women is an example of _____.
fiction
Third Tenet:
________ is unified and self-consistent.
Personality
In choosing the term individual psychology, Adler wished to stress his belief that each person is ______ and ______.
Unique ; Indivisible
(It insist that inconsistent behavior does not exist.)
The notion that a disturbance of one part of the body cannot be viewed in isolation but rather, it affects the entire person.
Organ Dialect
________ is part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual. Whereas ______ is understood and regarded by the individual as helpful in striving for success.
Unconscious ; Conscious
Fourth Tenet:
The value of all human activities must be seen from the viewpoint of _____ _____.
Social Interest
The original term that Adler used to describe feeling of oneness with all humanity.
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl
True or False:
Gemeinschaftsgefuhl implies membership in the social community of all people.
True
This is defined as an attitude of relatedness with humanity in general as well as empathy for each member of the human community.
Social Interest
Social interest manifests itself as _______ with others for social advancement.
cooperation
True or False:
Social interest originates from the father-child relationship.
False - mother-child relationship.
The _____ job is to develop a bond that encourages the child’s mature social interest and fosters a sense of cooperation. While the _____ must demonstrate a caring attitude towards his wife as well as to other people.
Mother’s ; father
According to Adler, a successful father avoids the ______ ______.
dual errors
What are the dual errors?
- Emotional Detachment
- Paternal Authoritarianism
This type of father’s error may influence the child to develop a warped sense of social interest and possibly a parasitic attachment to the mother.
Emotional Detachment
This type of father’s error can lead to an unhealthy style of life.
Paternal Authoritarianism
For Adler, social interest is the yardstick for measuring psychological health and is the sole criterion of _____ _____.
human values
True or False:
social interest is the only gauge to be used in judging the worth of a person.
True
Fifth Tenet:
The self-consistent personality structure develops into a person’s ______________.
Style of Life
This refers to the flavor of person’s life.
Style of Life
Style of life includes a person’s goal, ___________, feelings for others, and attitude toward the world.
Self-concept
True or False:
Style of life is the product of the interaction of heredity, environment, and a person’s creative power.
True
What are the 3 major problems in life?
- Neighborly Love
- Sexual Love
- Occupational Love
Sixth Tenet:
Style of life is molded by people’s ______ _____.
Creative Power
This places people in control of their own lives and to be responsible for their final goal.
Creative Power
This makes each person a free individual.
Creative Power
According to Adler, the one factor underlying all types of maladjustments is underdeveloped ______ ______.
Social Interest
Due to lack of social interest, neurotics tend to: (3)
- Set their goals too high.
- Live in their own private world.
- Have a rigid and dogmatic style of life.
What are the 3 external factors in maladjustment?
- Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
- Pampered Style of Life
- Neglected Style of Life
People with ______ ______ ______ sometimes develop exaggerated feelings of inferiority because they overcompensate for their inadequacy.
Exaggerated Physical Deficiencies
These people have weak social interest but a strong desire to perpetuate the pampered, parasitic relationship they originally had with one or both of their parents.
Pampered
This external factor in maladjustment is characterized by little confidence in themselves and the tendency to overestimate difficulties
Neglected Style of Life
This external factor in maladjustment is characterized by being distrustful and unable to cooperate for the common welfare.
Neglected Style of Life
This lies at the heart of most neuroses.
Pampered Style of Life
Abused and mistreated children develop little social interest and tend to create a ______ style of life.
Neglected
This external factor in maladjustment expect other to look after them, overprotect them, and satisfy their needs.
Pampered Style of Life
This external factor in maladjustment is characterized by oversensitivity and exaggerated emotion, especially anxiety.
Pampered Style of Life
These are patterns of behavior to protect their exaggerated sense of self-esteem against public disgrace.
Safeguarding Tendencies
This is the safeguarding tendency is to hide exaggerated superiority complex.
Aggression
Freudian defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to protect the _____ against anxiety. Whereas Adlerian safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious and shield a person’s fragile _____ from public disgrace.
Ego ; Self-esteem
Safeguarding through distance
Withdrawal
What are the 3 safeguarding tendencies?
- Excuses
- Aggression
- Withdrawal
This type of aggression safeguarding tendency is marked by self-torture and guilt.
Self-accusation
These protective devices enable people to hide their inflated self-image and to maintain their current style of life.
Safeguarding Tendencies
The tendency to safeguard one’s fictional goal of superiority by psychologically reverting to a more secure period of life.
Moving Backward
2 types of excuses.
- “Yes, but”
- “If only”
Adler’s concept of safeguarding tendencies can be compared to Freud’s concept of _____ _____.
Defense Mechanisms
Most common type of safeguarding tendency.
Excuses
True or False:
Freud’s defense mechanisms are common to everyone, but Adler discussed safeguarding tendencies only with reference to the construction of neurotic symptoms.
True
This type of aggression safeguarding has the tendency to undervalue other people’s achievements and to overvalue one’s own.
Depreciation
True or False:
Adler believed that there is an element of aggressive accusation in all unhealthy lifestyles.
True
This type of aggression safeguarding has the tendency to blame others for one’s failures and to seek revenge
Accusation
3 types of aggression safeguarding tendency.
- Depreciation
- Accusation
- Self-Accusation
Moving backward is similar to Freud’s concept of ______.
Regression (both involve attempts to return to earlier, more comfortable phases of life.)
People use this safeguarding tendency in which they simply do not move in any direction, thus, they avoid all responsibility
Standing Still
“It’s too late now.”
Hesitating
Whereas ______ takes place unconsciously and protects people against anxiety-filled experiences, moving backward may sometimes be conscious and is directed at maintaining an inflated goal of superiority.
Regression
People use this safeguarding tendency to vacillate when faced with difficult problems.
Hesitating
This is the least severe of the withdrawal safeguarding tendencies wherein people build a straw house to show that they can knock it down.
Constructing obstacles
True or False:
Safeguarding tendencies are found in nearly everyone, but when they become overly rigid, they lead to self-defeating behaviors.
True
True or False:
Overly sensitive people create safeguarding tendencies to buffer their fear of disgrace, to eliminate their exaggerated inferiority feelings, and to attain self-esteem.
True
True or False:
In contrast to Freud, Adler believed that the psychic life of women is essentially the same as that of men and that a male-dominated society is not natural but rather an artificial product of historical development.
True
According to Adler, this condition has cultural and social practices and not anatomy, influence many men and women to overemphasize the importance of being manly.
Masculine Protest
