Adipose Tissue

Question 1

Brown adipose tissue

Answer 1

mtiochondria, multiple lipid droplets, metabolically active, adrenergic stimulation, non-shivering thermogenesis, neonatal

Question 2

White adipose tissue

Answer 2

one large lipid droplet,

Question 3

Adipogenesis

Answer 3

precursor proliferation –> maturation –> lipid storage

pericytes –> preadipocytes

Question 4

Activators of adipogenesis

Answer 4

GH, IGF-2, Insulin, Cortisol, TH, RA, PPAR, PGJ2

Question 5

Inhibitors of adipogenesis

Answer 5

TNF, Interferon, preadipocyte factor, resistin, TGF-beta

Question 6

perilipin

Answer 6

a lipid droplet coating protein that controls lipolysis via phosphorylation by PKA and PKG

Question 7

Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and adipose tissue

Answer 7

ACTH and cortisol result in OBESITY

Question 8

11HSD-1

Answer 8

present in adipose tissue; converts cortisone to cortisol and allows recruitment of new adipocytes

Question 9

GH/IGF-1 and adipose tissue

Answer 9

GH –> IGF-1 –> activation of preadipocyte proliferation and differentiation

Question 10

Binding of NE on an adipocyte would have what effect?

Answer 10

NE –> cAMP –> PKA –> P-Perilipin –> increased lipolysis

Question 11

estrogen effect on adipose tissue?

Answer 11

Estrogen increase LPL activity in the gluteal-femoral region causing adipocyte proliferation; whereas testosterone LPL activity is higher in the abdominal region

Question 12

Neural signs to adipose tissue (catecholamines)

Answer 12

increase lipolysis and decrease recruitment of precursors

Question 13

Two enzymes involved in the rate-limiting step of lipolysis

Answer 13

Hormone-sensitive Lipase and Perilipin

Question 14

Stimulants of lipolysis

Answer 14

beta-receptors, BNP and ANP

Question 15

Inhibitors of lipolysis

Answer 15

alpha-2 receptors, insulin, prostaglandins

Question 16

Leptin

Answer 16

secreted from adipose tissue

Question 17

Activators of leptin

Answer 17

insulin, glucocorticoid, TNFalpha, estrogen

Question 18

Inhibitors of leptin

Answer 18

beta adrenergic activity, androgen, FFA, GH, and PPAR

Question 19

Effects of leptin

Answer 19

High levels: decrease appetite and increase E expenditure, lower levels increase b-oxidation, glucose transport, and glycolysis, decreases cortisol and CRH

Question 20

Leptin asymmetrical effect

Answer 20

low levels produce strong biological protective responses, and high levels somewhat produce weak biological responses

Question 21

Adiponectin

Answer 21

may play a role in vascular repair; inverse relation to obesity; increases NO, decreased CAD molecules (antiinflammatory and antiatherogenic)

Question 22

AdipoR1 receptor

Answer 22

muscle

Question 23

AdipoR2 receptor

Answer 23

liver

Question 24

Adiponectin effect in liver

Answer 24

enhances insulin sensitivity, increased FAO, reduced hepatic glucose output

Question 25

Adiponectin effect in muscle

Answer 25

usage of glucose

Question 26

insulin resistance

Answer 26

adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoxia, inflammation, increased cytokines, resulting in insulin resistance

Question 27

Cardiovascular disease and obesity

Answer 27

Left ventricular hypertrophy due to increased afterload and preload

Question 28

CHF and obesity

Answer 28

increased body volume, increased circulating BV, increased CO, eventually leads to LV failure

Question 29

Hypertension and obesity

Answer 29

increased leptin, increased plasma glucose, increased BV, increased TPR, increased Pressure, increased renal dysfunction

Question 30

Coronary heart disease

Answer 30

obese patients have depressed vasodilation and leads to atherosclerotic disease (plaques and narrowing due to tone)

Question 31

Reproductive disorders

Answer 31

infertility and increased risk pregnancy

Question 32

Pulmonary disease due to obesity

Answer 32

increased pressure on lungs, decreased respiratory compliance, hypoxia, sleep apnea, hypoventilation