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Child health > ADHD > Flashcards

ADHD Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 domains that symptoms of ADHD fall into?

A

Hyperactivity, Inattention, Impulsivity

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2
Q

Give examples of hyperactivity symptoms in ADHD

A
  • Difficulty remaining seated
  • Running about/climbing when inappropriate
  • Fidgeting
  • Unduly noisy when playing
  • Unable to modulate motor activity according to social context or demand
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3
Q

Give examples of Inattention

A 
Jumps from task to task 
Can't focus at school, makes careless mistakes, forgets things
Difficulty following instructions 
Poor organisation 
Often losing things
Distractable
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4
Q

Give examples of Impulsivity

A 
Impulsive acts - runs into road
Acts without thinking 
Answers before a question is complete
Trouble waiting for turn 
Talking excessively without response to social restraints
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5
Q

What is the prevalence of ADHD in the UK

A

1-2%

But this is variable due to rates of diagnosis

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6
Q

What is the male to female ratio of ADHD

A

4:1

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7
Q

ADHD is a highly heritable disorder T/F

A

True

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8
Q

The 5 genes most associated with ADHD account for how much of the heritability?

A

4.2%

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9
Q

How much higher is the risk if a 1st degree relative also has ADHD

A

5x risk

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10
Q

What are some prenatal risk factors for ADHD

A

Maternal smoking, alcohol and other drugs of abuse, anticonvulsants and anxiolytics

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11
Q

What are some perinatal risk factors for ADHD

A

Low birth weight
Prematurity
Obstetric complications

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12
Q

Wealthy children are more likely to have ADHD T/F

A

False

Extremely deprived institutional environments are associated with higher rates of ADHD

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13
Q

The total brain size in ADHD is ____, particularly in what areas?

A 
\_\_Smaller\_\_
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum 
Caudate
Frontal regions
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14
Q

In ADHD, what change is associated with DRD4?

A

Reduction in cortical thickness

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15
Q

In ADHD, the reward centres (amygdala and ventral striatum) are larger, causing overstimulation resulting in the symptoms of ADHD (T/F)

A

False

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16
Q

What is the role of Executive Function areas of the brain

A

Inhibitory control
Working memory
Planning
Attentional flexibility

17
Q

How is delayed reward affected in ADHD

A

Reduction in activity of reward processing areas

Waiting is harder and the reward is less rewarding

18
Q

Which areas of the brain control delay aversion

A

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventral medial prefrontal cortex, amygdala and temporal pole

19
Q

Differences in function of delay aversion areas of the brain, has what result in ADHD

A

Harder and less pleasant to wait

20
Q

The default mode network is more active during rest or work?

A

Rest

21
Q

What change in the default mode network results in symptoms of ADHD

A

Reduced attenuation during rest-to-task transitions

22
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in ADHD

A

Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Serotonin

23
Q

What 4 attributes are needed for a diagnosis of ADHD

A
  • Core features present in more than one setting
  • Features are developmentally inappropriate
  • Present early in development
  • Causing impairment
24
Q

What questionnaires can be used to aid a diagnosis of ADHD

A

Conner’s questionnaire

SNAP-IV

25
Q

What 4 things make up the basis of treatment for ADHD

A

Psychoeducation
Environmental modification
Treating co-occurring and co-morbid disorders
Medication

26
Q

What is the first line treatment for ADHD

A

Methylphenidate and Lisdexamfetamine

27
Q

What is the MOA of methylphenidate

A

Prevent re-uptake of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in synapses

28
Q

What side effects need monitoring when giving methylphenidate

A

Reduced appetite, reduced rate of growth, weight gain

Increased pulse rate and increased blood pressure

29
Q

What are some side effects of methylphenidate

A 
Headache
Abdominal pain 
Irritation/anger
Difficulty sleeping
Worsening/emergence of tics
Cardiac risks

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