ADHD Flashcards
1
Q
Describe ADHD.
A
- 1% of the child population
- More boys than girls
- Symptoms include inattention and hyperactivity
- 3 subtypes: Hyperactive, Inattentive and combined
2
Q
What did Gogtay et al. (2002) show about early developmental abnormality and ADHD?
A
- MRI and twins
- ADHD had lower brain volume than healthy and schizophrenic children
- Parallel to normal development: early abnormality
- Dysfunction of cerebellar-striatal-prefrontal circuitry
3
Q
Define the 2 models of early developmental abnormalities.
A
- Maturational Lag Model: Child with ADHD has normal brain of a younger child.
- Developmental Deviation: ADHD is a deviation from normal brain activity
Neither model accounts fully for literature.
4
Q
What did Maier et al. (2015) find about brain volumes?
A
- Used VBM
- Subtle global cerebral volume reductions
- Inattentive = smaller left dorsolateral PFC
5
Q
Describe Sagvolden et al.’s (1998) findings.
A
- Hypo-efficient dopamine systems = neurochemical imbalances = behavioural problems/decreased attention/overactivity/impulsiveness
- Deficit in reinforcement processes
- Medication causes temporary plastic changes in cellular components
- Lower dopamine systems: nucleus accumbens/frontal cortex/caudate/putamen -> dysfunction = lower attention/poor organisation/shorter delay of reinforcement/clumsiness/poor non-habit learning
6
Q
What treatment is used for ADHD?
A
Methylphenidate: increases effects of DA at striatum and decreases ADHD symptoms
7
Q
What effect did Ter Huurne et al. (2015) find Methylphenidate to have?
A
- Distractor suppression
- Increased accuracy on face identification tasks and increased RTs
- Increases importance of task relevant stimuli and impact of distractors
8
Q
Cued targets have a bigger ERP than uncued. What is different about this neural correlate in ADHD?
A
Not much consistency of ERP targets in ADHD
9
Q
What did MAzaheri et al. (2014) find about oscillations in ADHD?
A
- Theta is used by PFC to coordinate local and long range networks
- Can be used as an objective measure of attention in ADHD
