Additional Terms Exam 2

Question 1

Foundation:

Answer 1

“a tax-exempt nonprofit organization, usually supported by a philanthropic endowment” (e.g. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a key agenda setter in global health)

Question 2

Philanthrocapitalism

Answer 2

• “The tenet that business models can (re-)solve social rpobelms – and are superior to redistributive, collectively deliberated politices and actions employed by elected governments…” (Birn, pg 15)
• Issues w/ transparency, accountability, etc BUT a key source of funding

Question 3

5 ways to decolonize global health, Atim 2021

Answer 3

1. Let local experts tell their own stories
2. Improve vaccine equity (Paradigm shift: involves health equity paradigm)
3. Grant greater research autonomy
4. Fund local organizations
5. Re-imagine technical assistance

Question 4

MASS architecture video and decolonization

Answer 4

• Knowledge: bringing knowledge from Rwanda to Harvard
• Paradigm: looking at how architecture relates to health
• Leadership: local leadership
• Beauty instilling a sense of worth; not something we can measure with metrics but has real effects on health outcomes

Question 5

Sequential model

Answer 5

go to school, tertiary education, then get married and have children

Question 6

Combination model: combining relationships, school, consumption

Answer 6

School + relationships allows for consumption NOW not later

Question 7

Essential medicine

Answer 7

those that satisfy primary health care needs of a population

Question 8

Global governance of pharmaceuticals

Answer 8

how access to medicine is structured globally

Question 9

supranational organization

Answer 9

involves rules that govern member states (e.g. WTO)

Question 10

Patent

Answer 10

an exclusive right granted for an invention

Question 11

Intellectual property

Answer 11

“creations of the mind”

Question 12

Doha Declaration, 2001

Answer 12

• Adopted by WTO
• Attempt to reach compromise b/w patient rights and patent holders
• Stated that countries can determine grounds for granting compulsory licenses and determine what counts as national emergency
• Might not have occurred w/out health activist network

Question 13

Tuskegee syphilis study

Answer 13

• 40 year study in which US gov withheld treatment from African American men w/ syphilis to study its effects
• Several studies have identified a lingering “Tuskegee Effect” that has reduced trust in medicine and affected health outcomes

Question 14

Guatemala study (1946-48)

Answer 14

Infected 1500-2000 Guatemalan prisoners, mental pateints, sex workers, and soliders w/ syhpilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid; no consent, study hidden

Question 15

Population harm

Answer 15

“Populations as bystanders are affected by which narratives are perpetuated and who, as well as by the assumed experiences of their ancestors” (Reverby)

Question 16

What undergirds the globalization of clinical research?

Answer 16

1. Cost savings for pharmaceutical and device companies
2. Large pool of research participants
3. Less regulation on compliance, documentation, and training
4. Shifts in science of drug development impacting subject recruitment

Question 17

Global health diplomacy

Answer 17

stakeholders w/in and outside of the state advance shared global health goals, building commercial opportunities as well as “goodwill and soft power”

Question 18

Niche diplomacy

Answer 18

• A form of diplomacy conducted by middle powers that are seeking greater legitmacy and they use very specific resources that provide a comparative advantage
• Medical torusim is a specific form of ___ nation-states earning positive impage through specific medicial toruism offerings

Question 19

Malaysia’s Hepatitis C Hub

Answer 19

• Breakthrough treatment co-developed by Thai/Malaysia governments in 2011 (Global south-global south collaboration)
• Costs $300-500 in comparsion to $84,000 for 12-week treatment
  -Hep C treatments launched as health tourism plan in 2021
• Essential medicine become globally commodified under rubric of health tourism and through “south-south” collaboration