additional methods to study the genome

Question 1

how is exome and targeted sequencing used?

Answer 1

instead of sequencing the entire genome, this only target only certain regions of interest that involves sequencing only the exons of the genome
this techniques involve enriching the DNA of interest and followed by standard sequencing

Question 2

how is karyotyping used?

Answer 2

scientists order all chromosomes for a genome-wide view
chromosomes are stained to highlight structural features to view genetic changes, aneuploidy, some insertions, deletions, or translocations

Question 3

how is fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) used?

Answer 3

fluorecent probes are used to locate positions of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes to detect and localize the presence/absence of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes

Question 4

what are examples of FISH in real life?

Answer 4

large chromosomal translocation have been found in several types of cancer
translocation between chromosome 2 and 3 is often found in follicular thyroid carcinoma