Additional info

Question 1

How is the brain state assessed during sleep?

Answer 1

EEG

Question 2

How is the muscle state assessed during sleep?

Answer 2

EMG

Question 3

What happens in the brain when we go to sleep? (simple version)

Answer 3

Increased adenosine signals the need for sleep.
The thalamic gate closes and less information comes out.
GABA-active sleep neurons inhibit all of the awake systems

Question 4

What brain region is most most prone to be affected by early-life adversity (ELA)?

Answer 4

The amygdala.
It is very common to see, that people with a history of ELA have a heightened amygdala reactivity and altered prefrontal-amygdala connectivity

Question 5

What are the most common mechanistic explanations for the behavioral differences caused by early-life adversity (ELA)?

Answer 5

1) Excitation/inhibition balance
2) Synaptic pruning
3) Myelination
4) Neurogenesis
5) Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function (impaired feedback of the HPA axis)