Additional Flashcards
this type of plant is more susceptible to pesticide damage
herbaceous plant
lower spraying pressure, larger opening size help minimize this
spray drift
highly volatile pesticides have this kind of drift
vapor drift
biorational controls
oils, soaps, microbials
simple metamorphosis
nymphs hatch as miniature versions of adults; aphids grasshoppers thrips true bugs
complete metamorphosis
egg, larva, pupa, adult; ants bees flies butterflies
solution
dissolving substance into liquid; requires no agitation; can see through it usually
suspension
dispersing small particles into a liquid
emulsion
active ingredient is dissolved into oil based solvent then further diluted with water; some have EMULSIFIERS that prevent products from settling
emulsifiable concentrate
oil soluable liquid ai, petroleum based solvents, and a mixing agent; normally 2-6 pounds of ai per gallon
invert emulsion
water soluble pesticide in oil carrier; consistency of mayo; large droplets with low drift
flowables
ai are insoluable, made into fine powder and suspended in liquid; may be abrasive; thick liquid
wettable powder
dry finely ground material that must be mixed and agitated constantly
FIFRA
federal law that regulates production, sale, transportation, use, and disposal of pesticides
tolerance
amount of residue of pesticide allowed to remain on plant or animal used for food/feed
reregistration
EPAs effort to reevaluate pesticides registered before 1984
registration review
EPA program that lets EPA periodically reevaluate pesticides
restricted use pesticide
may cause harm to environment or applicator unless additional regulatory restrictions are applied; these pesticides can cause harm even if labeled is followed
How long is the certification period?
3 years
What percent of certification points can come from in house?
up to 50%
How many points must C03 certified applicators earn per year?
6 points
How long must records of pesticides be kept?
2 years
Special Local Need Registration
allow use of pesticide on object it is not federal labelled for; manufacturers must provide supplemental labeling for each SLN registration; SLN labeling has SLN# and state code
Emergency Exemption
Section 8 crisis exemption; pesticide can be used on crop that has no tolerance
Expert use permit
permit used to test pesticide under controlled conditions
Endangered species act
introduced to restrict used pesticides on sites that harbor endangered species
Vehicles transporting hazardous materials must have this on each side/end
placards
Hazard communication standard
information concerning hazards of chemicals must be given to employees
Resource conservation and recovery act
regulates generation, treatment, storage, transportation, and disposal of solid wastes
Two types of solid waste
P List and U List
P-List
( waste ) acutely hazardous commercial chemical products
U-List
( waste )Toxic and other commercial chemical products
Conditionally exempt small quantity generator
less than 100kg u list waste
less than 1 kg p list waste
small quantity generator
100 to 1000 kg u list waste but no more than 1 kg p list waste
large quantity generator
1000 kg or more u list waste or 1 kg or more of p list waste
small and large quantity generators must obtain THIS
EPA number
How long do small quantity generators have to treat waste?
180 days
How long do large quantity generators have to treat waste?
90 days
CERCLA
allows EPA authority to carry out cleanups of releases
trade name
manufacturer specific name for pesticide ie round up, interline, etc
brand name
often indicates formulation and %ai ie Tempo 20WP ( 20% ai wettable powder )
chemical name
complex name that identifies chemical structure
common name
shortened chemical name ie glufosonate, metribuzin, etc
EPA registration numbers
include 2 sets of numbers; one for the manufacturer and one for the product ( sometimes contains 3 numbers,
EPA establishment number
identifies facility that produced the product
mandatory statements
must be followed and are direct and imperative
advisory statements
recommended actions that help efficiency or safety
water dispersible granular
wettable powder formulations compressed into dust free particles
soluble powder
like wettable powder but dissolves into water
adjuvant
chemical that changes how a pesticide works
surfactant
most common adjuvant
nonionic surfactant
helps systemic pesticides
cationic surfactant
not used standalone, positive charge
anionic surfactant
helps contact pesticides
toxicity
measure of a pesticides capacity to cause illness
exposure
when pesticides get onto or into the body
hazard
toxicity x exposure; greatest hazard comes during mixing
local effects
contact with pesticide on body
systemic effects
substance absorbed into body
main pesticide route into body
through skin
what type of formulations absorb easily through skin?
oil based formulations
LD50
amount required of toxicant to kill 50% of population of test subjects ( the lower the number the worse )
LC50
concentration of substance in air or water required to kill 50% of test population; good for fish testing
Global harmonized system
international system of Hazard Communication
4 signal words
DANGER-POISON, DANGER, WARNING, CAUTION
DANGER-POISON
skull and crossbones, trace amounts to 50mg LD50
DANGER
often corrosive; normally have highly toxic contact effects
WARNING
50-500 mg LD50
CAUTION
500-5000 mg LD50
Chronic toxicity
long term exposure effects
Cholinestrate Inhibition
organophosphates and carbamids can reduce cholinestrate in body which can effect nervious system; should get monitored before and after use
Where can you find required PPE?
under “Precautionary Statements”
most standard PPE
long pants, long shirt, shoes and socks
What percent of pesticide exposure is reduced when wearing gloves?
99%
What body part gets the most pesticide exposure?
hands ( 85% ) followed by forearms ( 13% )
Standard glove thickness
14 mils
What organization is responsible for testing and approving different types of respirators?
NIOSH
Atmosphere supplying respirators
Supply clean air
Air purifying respirators
purify the air that you breathe; can be powered or unpowered
filters ( respirators )
remove dust or sprays
chemical canisters ( respirators )
vapor and gas removing
What appears on labeling when a powered APR is required?
“HE”
N rated APR
not oil resistant
R rated APR
oil resistant up to 8 hours
P rated APR
oil proof
solubility
ability of pesticide to dissolve in solvent; high solubility increases runoff
adsorption
pesticide binds to soil particles; high adsorption= less likely to move from spray site
persistence
ability of pesticide to remain on spray site; can be good for control or bad for food and stuff
volatility
tendency for pesticide to turn to gas or vapor
types of unwanted pesticide movement on the ground
runoff ( flowing downhill ) and leaching ( absorbing too deeply in ground )
techniques to reduce drift
low pressure, large droplet size, low wind
low relative humidity and high temp does this to spray drift
increases it
temperature inversion
warm air is above cooler air; don’t apply under these conditions because drift occurs badly; happens worst at night into mid morning
vapor drift
volatile pesticides turn to gas and drift at high temperatures
point source
from specific location such as pesticide spill
non point source
from widespread location such as broadcast agro application
physical incompatability
pesticides won’t stay mixed; turns into paste, putty, or cottage cheese like consistency
chemical incompatability
alters activity of one or more mixed pesticides
compatibility test
fill jar 1/5 to 1/2 with carrier and add proportionate amounts of each product and wait 10-15 minutes
Tank mixing order
carrier, compatability agent, suspension products (dry then liquid); solution products; adjuvants; emulsion products
two primary types of closed mixing and loading systems
mechanical devices and water soluble packaging
mini bulk containers
40-330 gallons; often pump and drive units deliver the product; is usually returned to manufacturer to be refilled
