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PSYC3018 Abnormal Psychology > Addictive Disorders: Gambling > Flashcards

Addictive Disorders: Gambling Flashcards

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1
Q

Gambling and Problem Gambling definition

A

Gambling: risking an item of value on outcomes of events based on chance

Problem Gambling: when there is social or personal harm resulting from the gambling behaviour

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2
Q

Gambling and Problem Gambling definition

A

Gambling: risking an item of value on outcomes of events based on chance

Problem Gambling: when there is social or personal harm resulting from the gambling behaviour

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3
Q

Psychosocial motivation for gambling?

A 
Why? 
> Excitement
> Hope of winning large amounts
> Social environment
Why persist? 
> Hope to recoup losses
> Emotional escape
> Satisfy emotional needs eg narcissism (being the poker master etc) 
> Manage dysfunctional affective states (much like uppers and downers drugs) eg anxiety etc
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4
Q

What is the prevalence of gambling and problem gambling?

A

60-85% of general population gamble.

USA, Aus & Europe

  • 0.4 - 1.1% pathological
  • 1 - 2% problem gamblers

More prevalent in adolecents (3 - 14%) as more risk taking, but then grow out of it

People attending gaming venues 15-35%

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5
Q

Features of pathological gambling (age and sex)?

A

Age:
> much earlier is exposed at a young age
> Onset is 12 - 15 years (90% before 20)
> Average seeking treatment is 35 - 39 years
Sex:
> Females bimodal (youth and >45)
> Males - impulsivity, substance-use and risk taking are features of problem gamblers

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6
Q

Comorbidity of pathological gambling?

A

> 30-40% alcohol abuse/dependence - need to find cause and effect (alcohol at licensed gambling premises)
75% mood disorder eg depression
40% anxiety

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7
Q

What percentage of problem gamblers seek formal treatment?

A
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8
Q

What was gambling classified as in DSM IV

A

Impulse control disorder

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9
Q

What is problem gambling classified as now in the DSM V?

A

Substance related disorders -> addiction and related disorders

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10
Q

What are the 10 criteria for pathological gambling?

A
  1. Preoccupation
  2. Increased amount gambled
  3. Irritability/restlessness on cessation
  4. Escape from stress
  5. Chasing losses
  6. Lying
  7. Repeated failure to cease
  8. Illegal acts
  9. Risked significant relationships
  10. Bailout
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11
Q

How many out of the 10 Criterion (A) must be fulfilled?

A

Four

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12
Q

What is the significance of an early win?

A

2/3 pathological gamblers experience large wins prior to developing their problems

Sets up facilitative cognition - ‘I can win, this is easy.’

Increases affective salience - gambling becomes stronger impact on mood than other activites

Increases frequency and intensity

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13
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive model?

A

> Illusion of control: personal skill
Luck: personal attribute & superstitious beliefs
Biased memories: recall of just wins over losses
Myths regarding capacity to beat the statistics
Cognitive regret: persist to avoid the pain of missing a win (e.g. waiting for a bus and not wanting to leave)
Gamblers fallacy: assuming that after a loss or losing streak, that a win is inevitable

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14
Q

Neurobiology and Genetics

A

Suggestion of a deprivation in dopaminergic activity

Dopamine: reward, compulsion, motivation
Hippocampus: reward memories
Serotonin: impulsivity

The gambling behaviour balances out the deprivation of dopaminergic activity

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15
Q

Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model

A

Neurobiological/Genetic:
> meso-limbic/orbito-frontal rewards systems (same as substance abuse)

Family History:
> Modeling (Bandura)
> Exposure/attitude
> trauma/rejection

Belief Schemas:
> the normalisation of gambling builds schemas that it is

Peer Group Interactions:
> having a game of pool with mates, betting and increasing the motivation/reward etc

Coping strategies:

Personality traits:

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16
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Cognitive Therapy deal with?

A

The Belief Schemas

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17
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Psychpharmacological intervention deal with?

A

The Neurobiological/Genetic

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18
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Behavioral therapy deal with?

A

Coping strategies, personality traits and neurobiological/genetic factors

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19
Q

What type of reinforcement schedule is gambling?

A

Random ratio

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20
Q

Why is gambling highly resistant to extinction?

A

Because it is a random ratio reinforcement schedule; can’t predict when the next positive outcome will occur

21
Q

Are pathological gamblers homogenous or heterogenous?

A

Heterogenous in term of their pathways to pathological gambling, but similar characteristics and outcomes.

22
Q

What are the three psychopathological pathways to problem gambling?

A
  1. Behaviourally Conditioned:
  2. Emotionally Vulnerable:
  3. Impulsive/Anti-social:
23
Q

Describe the behaviourally conditioned problem gambler (how? motivation? treatment?)

A

How:
> reinforcement (positive) and conditioning - usually with a BIG win.
> bad decisions, rather than impulsivity
> problems, such as substance abuse, depression and anxiety are the outcome of gambling related problems - not the source of it
Motivation:
> cognitive distortions of success - I can actually beat the system
Treatment:
> CBT: behavioural modification plan, change cognitive biases and environment

24
Q

Describe the emotionally vulnerable problem gambler (how? motivation? what type of gambling? treatment?)

A

How:
> Uses reinforcement (negative) and conditioning to REMOVE or MODERATE affective mood states
> Depression, anxiety ALREADY present
> Usually have poor coping skills

Motivation:
> It is an emotional escape

What type: Low-skill and isolating modalities eg old lady playing the pokies etc.

Treatment:
> Treat the cause, which is the comorbid affective mood states (anxiety, depression etc)
> Can be responsive to medication

25
Q

Describe the antisocial, impulsivist problem gambler (how? motivation? what type of gambling? treatment?)

A

How:
> Deficits in reward pathways (dopaminergic)
> Impulsive and low tolerance for boredom
> less likely to seek help
> high ADHD correlation

Motivation:
> Gives them a buzz - risky behaviour

What type:
> high-risk and high-thrill; huge win AND huge loss gives them arousal, which they neurologically lack

Treatment:
> Most unresponsive to treatment
> Management of impulsivity, poor attention, etc through intensive CBT focused on impulse control
> Can be responsive to medication

26
Q

Psychosocial motivation for gambling?

A 
Why? 
> Excitement
> Hope of winning large amounts
> Social environment
Why persist? 
> Hope to recoup losses
> Emotional escape
> Satisfy emotional needs eg narcissism (being the poker master etc) 
> Manage dysfunctional affective states (much like uppers and downers drugs) eg anxiety etc
27
Q

What is the prevalence of gambling and problem gambling?

A

60-85% of general population gamble.

USA, Aus & Europe

  • 0.4 - 1.1% pathological
  • 1 - 2% problem gamblers

More prevalent in adolecents (3 - 14%) as more risk taking, but then grow out of it

People attending gaming venues 15-35%

28
Q

Features of pathological gambling (age and sex)?

A

Age:
> much earlier is exposed at a young age
> Onset is 12 - 15 years (90% before 20)
> Average seeking treatment is 35 - 39 years
Sex:
> Females bimodal (youth and >45)
> Males - impulsivity, substance-use and risk taking are features of problem gamblers

29
Q

Comorbidity of pathological gambling?

A

> 30-40% alcohol abuse/dependence - need to find cause and effect (alcohol at licensed gambling premises)
75% mood disorder eg depression
40% anxiety

30
Q

What percentage of problem gamblers seek formal treatment?

A

less that 10%

31
Q

What was gambling classified as in DSM IV

A

Impulse control disorder

32
Q

What is problem gambling classified as now in the DSM V?

A

Substance related disorders -> addiction and related disorders

33
Q

What are the 10 criteria for pathological gambling?

A
  1. Preoccupation
  2. Increased amount gambled
  3. Irritability/restlessness on cessation
  4. Escape from stress
  5. Chasing losses
  6. Lying
  7. Repeated failure to cease
  8. Illegal acts
  9. Risked significant relationships
  10. Bailout
34
Q

How many out of the 10 Criterion (A) must be fulfilled?

A

Four

35
Q

What is the significance of an early win?

A

2/3 pathological gamblers experience large wins prior to developing their problems

Sets up facilitative cognition - ‘I can win, this is easy.’

Increases affective salience - gambling becomes stronger impact on mood than other activites

Increases frequency and intensity

36
Q

What are the assumptions of the cognitive model?

A

> Illusion of control: personal skill
Luck: personal attribute & superstitious beliefs
Biased memories: recall of just wins over losses
Myths regarding capacity to beat the statistics
Cognitive regret: persist to avoid the pain of missing a win (e.g. waiting for a bus and not wanting to leave)
Gamblers fallacy: assuming that after a loss or losing streak, that a win is inevitable

37
Q

Neurobiology and Genetics

A

Suggestion of a deprivation in dopaminergic activity

Dopamine: reward, compulsion, motivation
Hippocampus: reward memories
Serotonin: impulsivity

The gambling behaviour balances out the deprivation of dopaminergic activity

38
Q

Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model

A

Neurobiological/Genetic:
> meso-limbic/orbito-frontal rewards systems (same as substance abuse)

Family History:
> Modeling (Bandura)
> Exposure/attitude
> trauma/rejection

Belief Schemas:
> the normalisation of gambling builds schemas that it is

Peer Group Interactions:
> having a game of pool with mates, betting and increasing the motivation/reward etc

Coping strategies:

Personality traits:

39
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Cognitive Therapy deal with?

A

The Belief Schemas

40
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Psychpharmacological intervention deal with?

A

The Neurobiological/Genetic

41
Q

What aspect of the ‘Integrated Bio-Psycho-Social Model’ does Behavioral therapy deal with?

A

Coping strategies, personality traits and neurobiological/genetic factors

42
Q

What type of reinforcement schedule is gambling?

A

Random ratio

43
Q

Why is gambling highly resistant to extinction?

A

Because it is a random ratio reinforcement schedule; can’t predict when the next positive outcome will occur

44
Q

Are pathological gamblers homogenous or heterogenous?

A

Heterogenous in term of their pathways to pathological gambling, but similar characteristics and outcomes.

45
Q

What are the three psychopathological pathways to problem gambling?

A
  1. Behaviourally Conditioned:
  2. Emotionally Vulnerable:
  3. Impulsive/Anti-social:
46
Q

Describe the behaviourally conditioned problem gambler (how? motivation? treatment?)

A

How:
> reinforcement (positive) and conditioning - usually with a BIG win.
> bad decisions, rather than impulsivity
> problems, such as substance abuse, depression and anxiety are the outcome of gambling related problems - not the source of it
Motivation:
> cognitive distortions of success - I can actually beat the system
Treatment:
> CBT: behavioural modification plan, change cognitive biases and environment

47
Q

Describe the emotionally vulnerable problem gambler (how? motivation? what type of gambling? treatment?)

A

How:
> Uses reinforcement (negative) and conditioning to REMOVE or MODERATE affective mood states
> Depression, anxiety ALREADY present
> Usually have poor coping skills

Motivation:
> It is an emotional escape

What type: Low-skill and isolating modalities eg old lady playing the pokies etc.

Treatment:
> Treat the cause, which is the comorbid affective mood states (anxiety, depression etc)
> Can be responsive to medication

48
Q

Describe the antisocial, impulsivist problem gambler (how? motivation? what type of gambling? treatment?)

A

How:
> Deficits in reward pathways (dopaminergic)
> Impulsive and low tolerance for boredom
> less likely to seek help
> high ADHD correlation

Motivation:
> Gives them a buzz - risky behaviour

What type:
> high-risk and high-thrill; huge win AND huge loss gives them arousal, which they neurologically lack

Treatment:
> Most unresponsive to treatment
> Management of impulsivity, poor attention, etc through intensive CBT focused on impulse control
> Can be responsive to medication

PSYC3018 Abnormal Psychology (20 decks)

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