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21PSY-2AL-E3 - JWW > Addiction: Reducing Addiction Drug Therapy/Behavioural Interventions/CBT > Flashcards

Addiction: Reducing Addiction Drug Therapy/Behavioural Interventions/CBT Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name of the drug therapy for reducing nicotine addiction?

A

Nicotine replacement therapy (agonist substitution)

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2
Q

What is the aim of nicotine replacement therapy?

A

provide nicotine from a less harmful source e.g. patches, gum, nasal spray, rather than a cigarette.

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3
Q

How does NRT work?

A

stimulates nicotine receptors, activating rewards brain pathway which releases dopamine into the limbic system.
This stimulates the nucleus accumbens and creates the same pleasurable feeling as smoking a cigarette does.

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4
Q

What does NRT lead to a reduction in?

A

Withdrawal symptoms and stops the cravings.

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5
Q

Taking NRT leads to a reduction of withdrawal symptoms, what is this an example of? (HINT: Operant conditioning)

A

Reducing withdrawal symptoms by having NRT is an example of negative reinforcement, as NRT removes the unpleasant circumstances of quitting smoking.

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6
Q

What is the suggested drug therapy for reducing gambling addiction?

A

Opioid antagonist (Naltrexone)

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7
Q

What is the aim of drug therapy for reducing gambling addiction?

A

Reduce the pleasurable feeling associated with gambling

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8
Q

How do Opioid antagonists work to reduce gambling addiction?

A

They enhance the neurotransmitter GABA in the mesolimbic pathway. The increased GABA activity reduces the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, reducing the pleasurable feelings.

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9
Q

Stead et al (2012) reviewed 150 high quality research studies that compared NRT with a placebo. They found that all forms of NRT were significantly more effective in helping smokers quit than placebos and no treatment at all.

How can we use this research to evaluate NRT?

A

Research to support.

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10
Q

What is a limitation of drug therapy which may lead the individual to stop taking the drug?

A

Negative side effects such as nausea, headaches, dizziness.

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11
Q

In comparison to other treatments such as CBT, why might drug therapy be more appropriate?

A

It requires less motivation and commitment as you just need to remember to take the drug/put the patch on/chew the gum rather than commit to attending and engaging in therapy sessions.

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12
Q

What are the names of the behavioural interventions for reducing addiction?

A

aversion therapy and covert sensitization

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13
Q

Aversion therapy and covert sensitisation are both behavioural interventions. What principle do they focus on?

A

Classical conditioning

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14
Q

What is the aim of aversion therapy?

A

To use the principles of classical conditioning to change the pleasurable association with the addictive substance/behaviour and replace it with unpleasant association in a vivo experience.

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15
Q

What does a vivo experience mean?

A

In real life

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16
Q

What does a vitro experience mean?

A

Imagined experience (not real life)

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17
Q

What is the name of the aversion therapy technique for reducing nicotine addiction?

A

‘Rapid Smoking’

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18
Q

How does rapid smoking work as an aversion therapy technique?

A

Individuals will sit in a room taking a puff of a cigarette every 6 seconds. They will begin to feel nauseous and sick and start to associate this feeling to smoking. This is repeated until the individual develops an aversion to smoking - reducing their addiction.

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19
Q

Using classical conditioning principles in rapid smoking, what would the unconditioned stimulus be?

A

unpleasant stimulus (rapid smoking)

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20
Q

Using classical conditioning principles in rapid smoking, what would the unconditioned response be?

A

Nausea

21
Q

Using classical conditioning principles in rapid smoking, what would the neutral stimulus be?

A

Cigarettes

22
Q

Using classical conditioning principles in rapid smoking, what would the conditioned stimulus be?

A

Cigarettes

23
Q

Using classical conditioning principles in rapid smoking, what would the conditioned response be?

A

Nausea

24
Q

What do they use to reduce gambling addiction through aversion therapy?

A

Electric shock therapy

25
Q

How do they use electric shock as aversion therapy?

A

They cause pain to the patient so that they will learn to associate gambling with a painful shock rather than pleasure and develop and aversion to gambling.

26
Q

What kind of gambling related phrases might addicts write down during aversion therapy?

A

‘lottery’ ‘casino’ ‘win’

27
Q

What kind of non-gambling related phrases might addicts write down during aversion therapy?

A

‘went straight home’

28
Q

What happens to an individual when they read out a gambling related card?

A

They are given a two second electric shock

29
Q

What is used to give an aversion for an alcohol addiction?

A

A client is given an aversive drug such as disulfiram (antabuse).

30
Q

How does the aversive drug disulfiram (antabuse) work?

A

It interferes with the bodily process of metabolising alcohol into harmless chemicals. This means a person who drinks alcohol whilst taking disulfiram will experience severe nausea and vomiting.

31
Q

What is the aim of aversion therapy for alcohol addiction?

A

To associate alcohol with the nausea and develop an aversion to drinking alcohol as it would cause a conditioned response of nausea, reducing their addiction.

32
Q

What is the aim of covert sensitisation?

A

The idea of the therapy is that the pleasurable association with the addictive substance/behaviour has to be broken down and replaced with an unpleasant association in a vitro experience.

33
Q

What is meant by a vitro experience?

A

imagined/not real life

34
Q

How does covert sensitisation work for nicotine addiction?

A

Client is encouraged to relax.
Therapist then gets client to imagine an aversive situation.
The client imagines themselves smoking a cigarette followed by extremely unpleasant consequences - e.g. vomiting, smoking a cigarette covered in faeces.
This includes going into graphic detail about smells/sounds etc.

35
Q

What is a weakness of both covert sensitisation and aversion therapy as behavioural interventions?

A

They require motivation and commitment unlike drug therapy.

36
Q

What does CBT stand for?

A

cognitive behavioural therapy

37
Q

What is the aim of CBT for reducing addiction?

A

to identify and challenge cognitive distortions that are causing an addiction as a way of coping and replace more adaptive ways of thinking via cognitive restructuring.

38
Q

What is the cognitive element of CBT split up into for reducing addiction?

A

Functional analysis and cognitive restructuring

39
Q

What is meant by functional analysis in CBT?

A

the therapist asks the client to identify high risk situations or triggers for their addiction - reporting their thinking before/during/after.
The client-therapist relationship is critical, warm and responsive but not cosy.

40
Q

What is meant by cognitive restructuring in CBT and when is it used?

A

Used after functional analysis, cognitive restructuring is used to change irrational/maladaptive thoughts to rational/adaptive ones (disputing).

41
Q

What does the behavioural aspect of CBT include for reducing addiction?

A

Social skills and homework.

42
Q

What is meant by social skills in the context of CBT for reducing addiction?

A

The addict will be taught social skills such as how to refuse the behaviour or substance in social settings without embarrassment.

43
Q

What examples of social skills might the client be taught in order to confidently refuse to engage in addictive behaviour or substances in CBT?

A

making firm eye contact and being firm in refusal to gamble.

44
Q

What else will clients be taught in order to reduce their addiction?

A

avoidance strategies

45
Q

Give an example of avoidance strategies

A

driving a different way home to avoid going past a betting shop.

46
Q

What homework would clients be given during CBT to reduce their addiction?

A

practice social skills in the real world and report back to their therapist until they feel confident within social situations.

47
Q

How does engaging in social skills and refusing addictive behaviour/substances in the real world help the addict?

A

Leads to relapse prevention

48
Q

State one weakness of CBT as a way of reducing addictive behaviour/substance taking?

A

Requires motivation and commitment unlike drug therapy

21PSY-2AL-E3 - JWW (64 decks)

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