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2022-2024 Year 13 A-Level Psychology - Y13 > Addiction: Explanations of nicotine addiction -Learning Theory TW > Flashcards

Addiction: Explanations of nicotine addiction -Learning Theory TW Flashcards

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1
Q

Which behaviourist principle can be used to explain smoking addiction?

A

Operant conditioning

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2
Q

Operant conditioning is learning through…

A

Consequence (rewards and punishments)

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3
Q

Learning through rewards and punishments is known as…

A

Operant conditioning

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4
Q

Which type of reinforcement explains how an individual FORMS an addiction?

A

Positive reinforcement

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5
Q

Positive reinforcement explains how smoking addiction is ____________ .

A

Formed

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6
Q

What is an individual rewarded with when they inhale nicotine?

A

Euphoria

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7
Q

WHY does nicotine reward an individual with euphoria?

A

Impact on the dopamine system

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8
Q

Nicotines impact on the dopamine system provides the individual with feelings of…

A

Euphoria

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9
Q

According to positive reinforcement, why will an individual smoke again?

A

To receive the same reward of euphoria

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10
Q

What reward are individuals looking to receive from smoking according to positive reinforcement?

A

Euphoria / pleasure

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11
Q

Which type of reinforcement explains why we maintain a smoking addiction?

A

Negative reinforcement

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12
Q

Negative reinforcement explains how we ________ a smoking addiction

A

Maintain

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13
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Performing a behaviour to AVOID negative consequences

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14
Q

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment according to operant conditioning?

A

Negative reinforcement is an individual repeatedly performing a behaviour to AVOID a negative consequence (increasing the frequency of the behaviour)

WHEREAS

Punishment is where an individual receives the negative consequence which STOPS the behaviour (decreasing it’s frequency)

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15
Q

What is the negative consequence nicotine addicts wish to avoid?

A

Withdrawal

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of nicotine withdrawal?

A

Disturbed sleep, agitation, poor concentration

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17
Q

What behaviour is repeated by a nicotine addict to AVOID the negative consequence of withdrawal?

A

Smoking (inhaling nicotine)

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18
Q

How could classical conditioning explain nicotine addiction?

A

Addict ASSOCIATES nicotine with pleasure

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19
Q

Classical conditioning is learning through…

A

Stimulus, response and ASSOCIATIONS

20
Q

In the context of nicotine addiction, what is the effect of cues?

A

Psychological (craving) and physiological (heart rate) reaction

21
Q

What is meant by cue reactivity?

A

Where an individual has a psychological and physiological reaction to a secondary reinforcer

22
Q

What is the consequence of an individual having a ‘cue reaction’?

A

They want to smoke (seek primary reinforcement)

23
Q

What are some examples of potential ‘cues’ in nicotine addiction?

A

Seeing a lighter, certain friends, places etc

24
Q

AO3: What research is there to support the concept of cue reactivity?

A

Carter & Tiffany (1999)

25
Q

AO3: What did Carter & Tiffany do to research cue-reactivity?

A

Conducted a meta-analysis of 41 studies into cue-reactivity, presenting smokers and non-smokers with smoking related cues

26
Q

AO3: What did Carter & Tiffany find in regards to cue-reactivity?

A

Smokers reported higher levels of desire in response to smoking related cues and showed higher heart rates

27
Q

AO3: What type of determinism is learning theory’s explanation of nicotine addiction?

A

Environmental

28
Q

AO3: What does learning theory suggest an individual is controlled by?

A

Reinforcements and associations

29
Q

AO3: What practical applications have been developed as a result of learning theory’s explanation of nicotine addiction?

A

Aversion therapy and covert sensitisation

30
Q

AO3: What research is there to support learning theory of nicotine addiction?

A

Levin et al

31
Q

AO3: What does learning theory neglect the role of in nicotine addiction?

A

The role of free will

32
Q

Cue reactivity is based on what type of conditioning?

A

classical conditioning.

33
Q

When an individual smokes, there are environmental stimuli present alongside cigarettes. Give three examples of stimuli that might be present with smoking?

A

Holding a drink, certain friends, pubs, relaxing on the sofa after an evening meal.

34
Q

Holding a drink, certain friends, pubs, relaxing on the sofa after an evening meal are all examples of what?

A

Environment stimuli that might be there when someone is smoking

35
Q

What will the individual will learn to make between the nicotine and stimuli that are there at the same time e.g. drinking?

A

An association

36
Q

Before conditioning the environmental stimuli is a _________ stimulus
After conditioning the environmental stimuli become a ___________ stimulus

A

Neutral
Conditioned

37
Q

Once the environmental stimuli e.g. having a drink become associated with smoking what do they act as?

A

Act as a cue (trigger) to smoking leading to craving.

38
Q

Give an example of an environmental stimuli that acts as a cue to smoke?

A

Evening meal is finished - triggers the person to crave and then have a cigarette
OR
Someone may go to the pub and will immediately crave a cigarette.

39
Q

How do cues link to psychological withdrawal?

A

Cues trigger cravings = psychological withdrawal

40
Q

Cues lead to what type of withdrawal physical or psychological?

A

Psychological

41
Q

How does cue activity explain relapse

A

Cue trigger cravings - psychological withdrawal which triggers relapse to stop cravings.

42
Q

What is meant by cue reactivity

A

A person associates certain stimuli with smoking leading to these stimuli triggering cravings to smoke

43
Q

‘A person associates certain stimuli with smoking leading to these stimuli triggering cravings to smoke’ is what theory from the learning theory to smoking?

A

Cue reactivity

44
Q

Cues trigger cravings – cravings trigger addictive behaviour comes from what theory?

A

Cue reactivity

45
Q

In cue reactivity theory, what is the conditioned response?

A

Cravings to smoke

46
Q

In cue reactivity theory, what causes the conditioned response of cravings?

A

Conditioned stimuli e.g. drinking

2022-2024 Year 13 A-Level Psychology - Y13 (52 decks)

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