Addiction Flashcards
What are some comorbidities of addiction?
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy is a degenerative brain disorder caused by the lack of vitamin B1. It may result from: Alcohol abuse.
- Korsakoff syndrome is a memory disorder that results from vitamin B1 deficiency and is associated with alcoholism.
- fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
What is the social theory of addiction? and treatment?
- Availability: How easy is it to acquire the substance or engage in the behavior
- Acceptability: Peer pressure, Honor the notion of “private”
- Values and Beliefs: People have choices
- treatment: legal consequences
What is the psychological theory of addiction? and treatment?
- Addiction is influenced by an individual’s psychological make-up
-Consider attachment theory - Impact of personality traits leaves the person vulnerable and at risk for using substances to eliminate pain or negative feelings
- Treatment: Therapy
What is the biological theory of addiction? and treatment?
- Addiction is a disease
- In an addicted brain there are structural and functional changes from a non-addicted brain
- Treatment: Abstinence
Define substance use
Consumption is infrequent; may be described as experimental, casual or social; minor consequences
Define physical dependence
Physiological changes that result from a pattern of regular use (substances) or engagement (gambling) that increase tolerance and withdrawal symptoms
Define psychological dependence
The emotional and/or mental need to continue taking a drug or gambling to feel normal and to cope.
Define craving. What neurotransmitter is it related to?
- A strong and intense desire.
- Cravings are related, in part, to dopamine levels in your brain
Define abuse
A maladaptive pattern of use indicated by … continued use despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent social, occupational, psychological or physical problem that is caused or exacerbated by the use [or by] recurrent use in situations in which it is physically hazardous
Define intoxication
A condition that follows the administration of a psychoactive substance and results in disturbances in the level of consciousness, cognition, perception, judgement, affect, or behaviour, or other psychophysiological functions and responses
What are the cardinal signs and symptoms of addiction?
- Loss of Control
- Compulsion
- Craving
- Use despite consequences
What is the CAGE assessment?
screen for alcohol abuse
C: have you ever felt you should Cut down on your drinking?
A: have people Annoyed you by criticizing your drinking?
G: have you ever felt Guilty about your drinking?
E: Have you ever had a drink as an Eye-opener first thing in the morning to steady your nerves or help a hangover?
What are the stages of readiness to change?
- precontemplation
- contemplation
- preparation
- action
- maintenance
- relapse
- termination
What is the precontemplation stage?
unaware, no knowledge of change needing to be made
What is the contemplation stage?
thought of change, some information is gathered
What is preparation stage?
planning for change, finding resources and creating course of action
What is the action stage?
taking steps for change, utilizing resources
What is the maintenance stage?
results are achieved and behaviour becomes a part of lifestyle
What is the relapse stage?
A relapse is a form of regression to an earlier stage. It is not a stage in itself, but a failure to maintain the existing position in behavioral change, either as a result of inaction (e.g., stopping physical activity) or the wrong activity (e.g., beginning smoking again.)
What is the termination stage?
The client has zero temptation, and their self-efficacy is 100%.
What are examples of primary prevention for addiction?
alcohol labelling policy
cigarette taxation
What are examples of secondary prevention?
harm reduction practices (supervised injection sites, managed alcohol program)
relapse prevention support
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
detox and recovery/rehabilitation programs
What are the 5 principles of motivational interviewing?
- Express empathy: key component is reflective listening
-Develop discrepancy between clients’ goals or values and their current behaviour
-Avoid arguments/power struggles and direct confrontation
-Support self-efficacy and optimism
- Roll with resistance
How can resistance be identified?
Resistance can be identified by 4 basic behaviours:
- Arguing, interrupting, denying, ignoring
What are the goals of motivational interviewing?
- Process Goal: for the patient to his/her own voice to express concerns, and recognize the argument for change
- Outcome Goal: to have the patient resolve ambivalence and increase his/her motivation and commitment to change
When would you use CIWA-A?
When there is a likelihood of alcohol withdrawal
When would you stop monitoring CIWA-A?
- When the score is <10 for three consecutive assessments
- Continue to monitor informally for re-emergence of symptoms
What are treatment options for addiction?
- Benzodiazepines: Ativan and Valium - for anxiety and seizures
- methadone: Used for opioid addiction, Suppress withdrawal symptoms, Relieve cravings
-tobacco: Nicotine replacements, Bubroprion (Wellbutrin) - antidepressant, Varenicline (Champix) - smoking cessation medication
What is a concurrent disorder?
used to refer to co-occurring addiction and mental health problems.
