Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the Host Flashcards
The type of immunity directed at freely circulating pathogens and depend on B cells. It is also called antibody-mediated immunity.
Humoral Immunity
The type of immunity that depends on T cells to eliminate intracellular pathogens, reject foreign tissue recognized as nonself, and destroy tumor cells. Also called cell-mediated immunity.
Cellular Immunity
A generic term for blood-derived fluids containing antibodies.
Antiserum
The study of reactions between antibodies and antigens is called:
Serology
Gamma fraction, also called ______________, contains most of the antibodies; it is often used to transfer passive immunity.
Gamma Globulin
Involves the injection of antibodies (rather than antigens) into the body. These antibodies come from an animal or person who is already immune to the disease.
Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity
The result of vaccination. These are antigens such as killed or living microorganisms or inactivated bacterial toxins.
Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
The process of introducing a vaccine into the body. Also called immunization.
Vaccination
Involves the natural transfer of antibodies from a mother to her infant.
Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
Antibodies in a pregnant woman cross the placenta to her fetus. What kind of transfer is this?
Transplacental transfer
The first secretions of breast milk:
colostrum
Develops when a person is exposed to antigens, becomes ill, and then recovers.
Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
Can subclinical or inapparent infections also confer immunity?
Yes
Immunity is acquired ______________ when a person is exposed to microorganisms or foreign substances and the immune system responds.
actively
Immunity is acquired ___________________ when antibodies are transferred from one person to another. Usually lasts only as long as the antibodies are present - in most cases, a few weeks.
passively
The antibody-mediated immune responses of the host intensify after a second exposure to an antigen.
Secondary response, aka memory (or anamnestic) response
The relative amount of antibody in the serum; reflects the intensity of the antibody-mediated humoral response.
antibody titer
Contact with antigen produces no detectable antibodies for 4 to 7 days. Slow rise in antibody titer: first, IgM class antibodies are produced, followed by IgG peaking in about 10-17 days, after which antibody titer gradually declines. This pattern is characteristic of a:
Primary response to an antigen
The harmful overproduction of cytokines.
Cytokine storm
A family of cytokines that function in controlling the pathways by which stem cells develop into different red or white blood cells.
Hematopoietic cytokines
A cytokine family that is known by abbreviations such as TNF-a, and so on.
tumor necrosis factor
These cytokines are a strong factor in inflammatory reactions of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
tumor necrosis factor
___________________ that block the action of TNF are an available therapy for some of these conditions.
Monoclonal antibodies
Stimulates the production of neutrophils from their granulocyte-monocyte precursors.
G-CSF (granulocyte-colony stimulating factor)
Used to therapeutically increase the numbers of protective macrophages and granulocytes in patients undergoing red bone marrow transplants.
GM-CSF
A family of cytokines that protect cells from viral infection.
Interferons
A family of small cytokines that induces the migration of leukocytes into areas of infection or tissue damage:
Chemokines (from chemotaxis)
Cytokines that serve as communicators between leukocytes (white blood cells) are now known as:
interleukins
Chemical messengers that are required for communication between different cells.
Cytokines
Soluble proteins or glycoproteins that are produced by practically all cells of the immune system in response to a stimulus. Acts only on a cell that has a receptor for it; there are over 200 types.
Cytokines
If an organism, such as a parasitic worm, is too large for ingestion and destruction by phagocytosis, it can be attacked by immune system cells that remain external to it.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Activates cells related to cell-mediated immunity: macrophages, Tc cells, and natural killer cells
T Helper Cell (Th1)
Stimulates the production of eosinophils, IgM, and IgE
T Helper Cell (Th2)
Destroys target cell on contact; generated from T cytotoxic (Tc) cell
Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte (CTL)
Regulates immune response and helps maintain tolerance.
T Regulatory (Treg) cell
Enhanced phagocytic activity; attacks cancer cells
Activated macrophage
Attacks and destroys target cells; participates in antibody-dependent cell-mediated toxicity.
Natural Killer (NK) cell
A component of the innate immune system that can also destroy certain virus-infected cells and tumor cells.
Granular leukocytes called Natural Killer (NK) cells. Account for 10-15% of circulating lymphocytes.
The principal APCs to induce immune responses by T cells.
Dendritic cells (DCs)
The two APCs associated with cellular immunity.
Dendritic cells and Activated macrophages
Programmed cell death.
Apoptosis
Proteases that induce apoptosis.
Granzymes
Pore-forming protein
perforin
Precursors to CTLs
T cytotoxic cells
