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Bio 151: Fundamentals of Immunobiology > Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Response > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity: Humoral Response Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two responses of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral response (antibody response)
  2. Cell-mediated Response
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2
Q

What type of cell / lymphocyte produces immunoglobulins?

A

B cells

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3
Q

free-floating Y-shaped immunoglobulins

A

antibodies

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of antibodies?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. opsonization
  3. complement activation
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5
Q

the selection of the small subset of pathogen-specific lymphocytes for proliferation and differentiation into effector lymphocytes

A

clonal selection and expansion

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6
Q

When an antibody is divided by the flexible hinge region, the two upper components are called the ____.

A

Fab (fragment antigen binding)

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7
Q

When an antibody is divided by the flexible hinge region, the one lower component is called the ____.

A

Fc (fragment crystallizable)

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8
Q

ends of the variable region chains of antibodies

A

N termini

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9
Q

end of the constant region chain of antibodies

A

C termini

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10
Q

The _____ region of the antibody binds to the macrophage receptors.

A

constant region

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11
Q

The ____ region of the antibody serves as antigen-binding site

A

variable region

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12
Q

the part of the pathogen that antibodies recognize

A

epitope

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13
Q

two types of epitopes

A

linear or discontinuous

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14
Q

tips of the variable regions that show high variability and provide a binding surface that is complementary to that of the antigen

A

hypervariable region / complementarity-determining region (CDR)

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15
Q

less variable regions that support the hypervariable region

A

framework regions

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16
Q

binding strength of a single antigen binding site to antigen

A

affinity

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17
Q

binding strength of multiple antigen binding sites to antigen

A

avidity

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18
Q

Binding to antigen depends on 4 non-covalent bonds, namely _____

A
  1. Van der Waals forces
  2. Hydrophobic bonds
  3. Electrostatic bonds
  4. Hydrogen bonds
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19
Q

The different antibody isotypes depends on the structure of the ____ region.

A

constant region

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20
Q

What are the 5 different antibody isotypes?

A

IgG, IgM, IgD, IgA, IgE

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21
Q

What 4 factors form the genetic basis of antibody diversity?

A
  1. combinatorial diversity / somatic recombination
  2. junctional diversity
  3. heavy and light chain V region combinations
  4. somatic hypermutation
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22
Q

In a developing B cell, the process of immunoglobulin-gene rearrangement is tightly controlled so that only one heavy chain and one light chain are finally expressed, a phenomenon known as _______.

A

allelic exclusion

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23
Q

process wherein the arrays of V, D, and J segments of the heavy chain V region are cut and re-spliced by DNA recombination

A

somatic recombination

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24
Q

sequences that direct the recombination of V, J, and D gene segments

A

recombination signal sequences (RSSs)

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25
Q

set of enzymes needed to recombine V, D, and J segments

A

V(D)J recombinase

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26
Q

What is the 12/23 Rule?

A

segments with a 12 bp spacer RSS can only be joined with a segment with a 23 bp spacer RSS

27
Q

hold RSS in place while genes are recombined and clips V and J segments closer together so they can be cut out

A

RAG complexes (recombination activating genes)

28
Q

What happens when the RAG complex opens up DNA hairpins?

A

palindromic P-nucleotide sequences are formed

29
Q

adds random N-nucleotides to ends of P-nucleotide sequences

A

TdT (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase)

30
Q

removes unpaired nucleotides

A

exonuclease

31
Q

Which gene segment/s code for CDR1 and CDR2?

A

V gene segments (light and heavy)

32
Q

Which gene segments code for CDR3?

A

VJ junctional diversity (light), D segment + VJ junctional diversity (heavy)

33
Q

What type of C terminus do transmembrane immunoglobulins have?

A

hydrophobic

34
Q

What type of C terminus do free-floating/secreted immunoglobulins have?

A

hydrophilic

35
Q

replaces cytosine with uracil in somatic hypermutation

A

activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)

36
Q

removes uracil in somatic hypermutation

A

uracil-DNA glycosylase (UNG)

37
Q

replaces removed uracils with random nucleotides which serve as the source of somatic hypermutation

A

DNA polymerases

38
Q

____ gene segment are closest to V, D, and J segments by default

A

Cµ and Cδ

39
Q

signals for isotype switching; highly repetitive sequences that mediate recombination

A

switch regions / genes

40
Q

first antibody made in primary immune response

A

IgM

41
Q

Switch sequences flank the __’ side of each C gene

A

5’

42
Q

endonuclease that excises abasic nucleotide resulting from removal of uracil by UNG

A

APE1

43
Q

Ig that has low affinity and exists in a bulky pentameric form

A

IgM

44
Q

Ig that targets parasites and triggers asthma and allergic reactions

A

IgE

45
Q

most commonly circulating Ig in the bloodstream

A

IgG

46
Q

Ig mostly found in respiratory tract

A

IgD

47
Q

Ig associated with mucosal membranes; exists in monomeric and dimeric forms

A

IgA

48
Q

most abundant type of IgG and binds to protein antigens

A

IgG1

49
Q

most abundant type of IgG and binds to protein antigens

A

IgG1

50
Q

second most abundant type of IgG that targets carbohydrates

A

IgG2

51
Q

type of IgG that is most susceptible to proteases but is best at activating complement

A

IgG3

52
Q

least abundant type of IgG and plays an important role in reducing allergic reactions

A

IgG4

53
Q

antibodies coupled with chromophores or fluorophores

A

antibody conjugates

54
Q

type of antibody conjugate where the primary antibody is directly conjugated to a fluorophore

A

direct antibody conjugate

55
Q

type of antibody conjugate where fluorophore-conjugated secondary antibody is directed against unconjugated primary antibody

A

indirect antibody conjugate

56
Q

multiple antibodies produced targeting the same antigen but different epitopes or parts of the antigen

A

polyclonal

57
Q

antibodies specifically target the same epitope of same antigen

A

monoclonal

58
Q

ELISA

A

enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

59
Q

IFAT

A

immunofluorescence antibody technique

60
Q

4 main steps for antibody-based methods

A
  1. antigen coat over inert surface
  2. add blocking solution
  3. antibody incubation
  4. antibody visualization
61
Q

examples of blocking solutions

A

3% skim milk, 1% bovine serum albumin

62
Q

ELISA antibody conjugates

A

horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase

63
Q

IFAT antibody conjugates

A

fluorescein isothiocyanate

Bio 151: Fundamentals of Immunobiology (2 decks)

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