Adaptive Immunity Essential Terms

Question 1

Adaptive Immunity

Answer 1

Resistance against pathogens that acts more effectively upon subsequent infections with the same pathogen

Question 2

Lymph

Answer 2

Fluid found in lymphatic vessels, which is similar in composition to blood serum and extracellular fluid.

Question 3

Circulatory system

Answer 3

Comprises the cardiovascular and lymphatic system. It is a closed system.

Question 4

Lymphoid organs

Answer 4

Primary: Red bone marrow and thymus
Secondary: Nodes, spleen, others, MALT

Question 5

Lymphoid follicle

Answer 5

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Question 6

MALT

Answer 6

Lack the tough outer capsules of lymph nodes and the spleen, but they function in somewhat the same way by physically trapping foreign particles and microbes. MALT includes the appendix; lymphoid tissue of the respiratory tract, vagina, urinary bladder, and mammary glands; and discrete bits of lymphoid tissue called Peyer’s patches in the wall of the small intestine

Question 7

Peyer’s Patches

Answer 7

MALT found in the wall of the small intestine

Question 8

Epitope

Answer 8

The three-dimensional shape of a region of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system (aka antigenic determinant)

Question 9

Antigen

Answer 9

Molecule that triggers a specific immune response

Question 10

Paratope

Answer 10

The antibody binding site; composed of the particular amino acids (approx. 50) that bind to a specific epitope

Question 11

Exogenous Antigen

Answer 11

Antigen produced by microorganisms that multiply outside the cells of the body.

Question 12

Endogenous Antigen

Answer 12

Antigen produced by microbes that multiply inside the cells of the body.

Question 13

Autoantigen

Answer 13

Antigens on the surface of normal body cells.

Question 14

Antigenic determinants

Answer 14

Aka epitopes

Question 15

ADCC

Answer 15

Antibody-Dependant Cellular Cytoxicity

Process whereby natural killer lymphocytes (NK cells) lyse cells covered with antibodies.

Question 16

Isotype

Answer 16

The different types of antibody classes (A, G, D, E, M)

Question 17

Fab region

Answer 17

Variable region; the actual part that generates Ab diversity. Arm region.

Question 18

Fc region

Answer 18

Biological activity part of antibody. Stem region.

Question 19

B cell receptor

Answer 19

Antibody integral to the cytoplasmic membrane and expressed by B lymphocytes.

Question 20

Germ line DNA

Answer 20

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Question 21

Variable recombination

Answer 21

Nucleotides from the V, D, and J regions can recombine in various ways to further generate more antibody diversity

Question 22

RAG

Answer 22

Recombination Activating Gene

Randomly combines the V, D, and J genes together for generating antibody diversity

Question 23

Affinity maturation

Answer 23

Those B cells with relatively higher binding affinities are stimulated to divide more rapidly (due to mutations in the hyper variable region)

Question 24

Clonal selection hypothesis

Answer 24

In humoral immunity, recogni- tion and activation only of B lymphocytes with BCRs complementary to a specific antigenic determinant.
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Question 25

Allotype

Answer 25

Reflect genetic differences between members of the same species (can generate an immune response against them)

Question 26

Idiotype

Answer 26

Reflects the antigen binding specificity of any particular antibody molecule

Question 27

MHC class 1

Answer 27

Found on the cytoplasmic membranes of all cells except red blood cells. MHCs (both kinds) are on each copy of chromosome 6.

Question 28

MHC class 2

Answer 28

Only antigen-presenting cells (APCs) have these (also have class 1).

Question 29

TCR

Answer 29

Antigen receptor generated in the cytoplasmic membrane of T lymphocytes.

Question 30

Tc cells

Answer 30

In cell-mediated immune response, type of cell characterized by CD8 cell-surface glycoprotein; secretes perforins and granzymes that destroy infected or abnormal body cells. (Cytotoxic T cell; CD8 cell)

Question 31

Th1 cells

Answer 31

Assist cytotoxic T cells and innate macrophages. | APCs differentiate Th to Th1 in cell mediated immunity. Different signals will differentiate Th to Th1. (IL-2).

Question 32

Th2 cells

Answer 32

Function in conjunction with B cells. | In humoral immune response, APC triggers Th to divide into Th2. (IL-4).

Question 33

CD4 cells

Answer 33

In cell-mediated immune response, a type of cell characterized by CD4 cell-surface glycoprotein; regulates the activity of B cells and cytotoxic T cells.

Question 34

CD8 cells

Answer 34

See Tc cells

Question 35

Clonal deletion

Answer 35

Process by which cells with receptors that respond to autoantigens are selectively killed via apoptosis.

Question 36

T-independant immunity

Answer 36

Adaptive immune response resulting in antibody production following cross-linking of BCRs on numerous B cells and lacking involvement of helper T cells.

Question 37

T-dependant immunity

Answer 37

Adaptive immune response resulting in antibody production that requires the action of a specific helper T cell (Th2).

Question 38

Plasma cells

Answer 38

B cells that are actively fighting against exogenous antigens and secreting antibodies.

Question 39

CD95 cytotoxic pathway

Answer 39

In cell-mediated cytotoxicity, pathway involving CD95 protein which triggers apoptosis of infected cells.

Question 40

Cytokines

Answer 40

Proteins secreted by many types of cells that regulate adaptive immune responses (aka signalling molecules)