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Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of pathogens?

A

Lecture 10, slide 4

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2
Q

What are the effectors of the humoral and cell mediated immune system?

A

Lecture 10, slide 5

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lecture 10, slide 6, 8

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4
Q

What is the difference between the systems that recognise PAMPs vs antigens? Why is there this difference?

A

Lecture 10, slide 11-13

  • main differences:
  • PAMPs recognition has no potential for cross-reactivity/collateral damage.
  • antigens are more diverse and there needs to be a diverse range of receptors to recognise them.
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5
Q

What is the structure of Igs?

A

Lecture 10, slide 14 ,19

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6
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of Igs?

A

Lecture 10, slide 15

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7
Q

What are the effector mechanisms/properties of the different Ig isotypes?

A

Lecture 10, slide 16-17

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8
Q

What is somatic gene rearrangement and the process?

A

Lecture 10, slide 20,22

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9
Q

What factors contribute to Ig diversity generated in gene rearrangement?

A

Lecture 10, slide 23

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10
Q

What is the clonotypic distribution and clonal selection of B cells?

A

Lecture 10, slide 24

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11
Q

What is somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation?

A

Lecture 10, slide 25-26

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12
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Lecture 10, slide 29

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13
Q

What is an MHC molecule?

A

Lecture 11, slide 3

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14
Q

What is the difference between MHC class I and II molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 4, 11-12

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15
Q

What is the structure of MHC class I and II molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 5-6, 10

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16
Q

Where are polymorphisms in MHC molecules primarily located? How does the structure differ between MHC molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 8

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17
Q

What is the process of the endogenous pathway of antigen processing?

A

Lecture 11, slide 13-15

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18
Q

What is the process of the exogenous pathway of antigen processing?

A

Lecture 11, slide 16

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19
Q

What is antigen cross presentation and why is it needed? Where does T cell activation occur? Where does T cell selection occur?

A

Lecture 11, slide 17

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20
Q

What are the different processes of antigen cross presentation?

A

Lecture 11, slide 18

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21
Q

What CDs are associated with TCRs and what are they needed for?

A

Lecture 11, slide 20

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22
Q

What is the difference between Igs and TCRs?

A

Lecture 11, slide 21

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23
Q

How is diversity generated in TCRs?

A

Lecture 11, slide 22-23

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24
Q

What is MHC restricted antigen recognition? Why are TCR co-receptors needed?

A

Lecture 11, slide 24-25

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25
What are the three signals required for T cell activation?
Lecture 11, slide 26
26
How do tumour cells and viruses evade cell mediated immunity? How is this evasion avoided?
Lecture 11, slide 27
27
What are natural killer cells?
Lecture 11, slide 28, 31
28
How do NK cells kill target cells?
Lecture 11, slide 32
29
What are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors?
Lecture 11, slide 30 | -a type of NK cell receptor
30
What must an effective immune response do?
Lecture 12, slide 3
31
What are primary lymphoid tissues? What are secondary lymphoid tissues? What happens are they the site of respectively?
Lecture 12, slide 4
32
What is the structure and function of the spleen?
Lecture 12, slide 5
33
What is the lymphatic system? What are lymph nodes?
Lecture 12, slide 6
34
What is the structure and function of the lymph nodes?
Lecture 12, slide 7
35
What are high endothelial venules? What do they express and what is their role?
Lecture 12, slide 8
36
What are the two main functions of the innate immune system? How does it fulfil these functions?
Lecture 12, slide 10
37
What are the roles of interstitial dendritic cells? What is the maturation of DCs associated with?
Lecture 12, slide 11
38
Where does T cell activation take place in the lymph nodes? How are T cells activated?
Lecture 12, slide 13-14
39
What are the two methods used by CTLs to kill?
Lecture 12, slide 15
40
How are T follicular helper cells formed? What is their function?
Lecture 12, slide 16-17
41
How are short lived plasma cells generated as opposed to long lived plasma cells and B memory cells? What are Germinal Centres a site of?
Lecture 12, slide 18-19, 24
42
What is the mechanism of Ig class switching?
Lecture 12, slide 20-21
43
What are the two types of B cell activation? What is the process of T cell-dependent B cell activation?
Lecture 12, slide 22
44
How does the acute inflammatory response facilitate Ig-mediated pathogen clearance?
Lecture 12, slide 23
45
Compare SLPCs, LLPCs and memory B cells.
Lecture 12, slide 25
46
What is the difference between memory and naive B cells?
Lecture 12, slide 26
47
What are the components of T cell memory?
Lecture 12, slide 27
48
Compare innate immunity to adaptive immunity.
Lecture 13, slide 2-3
49
What is the osteoblastic niche and what is its role?
Lecture 13, slide 4-5
50
What does escape from the osteoblastic niche result in? What is the fate of the T and B cells? Where does Ig gene rearrangement occur?
Lecture 13, slide 6
51
How are B cells tested for self-reactivity? What is light chain editing and clonal deletion?
Lecture 13, slide 7
52
What is the limitation of B cell clonal deletion? How do T cell help to solve this problem?
Lecture 13, slide 8 - problem: B cell tolerance is hard to maintain due to somatic hypermutation during the course of the immune response - T cell tolerance maintains B cell tolerance
53
What is the structure of the thymus and what cells are present in it?
Lecture 13, slide 9 - two types of stromal cells - thymocytes enter at the cortico-medullary junction
54
What is the process of beta selection?
Lecture 13, slide 10-12 -ligation/dimerisation of pre-TCR tells the T cell it has produced a functional beta-chain. So gene rearrangement of the alpha-chain can then take place next.
55
What are the consequences/results of beta selection?
Lecture 13, slide 13
56
What is the process of positive selection? What is the role of cTEC?
Lecture 13, slide 14-15
57
What are the consequences/results of positive selection?
Lecture 13, slide 16
58
Where does negative selection take place? What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier?
Lecture 13, slide 17-18, 20
59
What provides the source of self antigens in negative selection? What is AIRE
Lecture 13, slide 21, 24
60
What is APECED?
Lecture 13, slide 23
61
What 3 ways can antigens be presented to thymocytes in negative selection?
Lecture 13, slide 24
62
What is the paradox of T cell repertoire selection? How can it be explained by the differential affinity model?
Lecture 13, slide 25-27
63
Why may clonal deletion of T cells not be a completely effective mechanism of tolerance?
Lecture 14, slide 3
64
How may molecular mimicry (carried out by pathogens) break self tolerance?
Lecture 14, slide 4
65
What are some mechanisms to help limit autoimmune pathology in the periphery?
Lecture 14, slide 5
66
What is T cell anergy?
Lecture 14, slide 6-7
67
What is immune privilege and what are some immune privileged tissues?
Lecture 14, slide 8-9
68
What are some mechanisms of innate immune privilege?
Lecture 14, slide 10
69
How may tumour cells use immune privilege mechanism?
Lecture 14, slide 11
70
What does acquired immune privilege depend on?
Lecture 14, slide 12
71
What is the role of FoxP3 in regulatory T cells?
Lecture 14, slide 13
72
What are the two types of Tregs? What is the difference between them?
Lecture 14, slide 14
73
How does the outcome of T cell selection depend on the thresholds of avidity?
Lecture 14, slide 15
74
How are iTregs made?
Lecture 14, slide 16
75
What is the role of Tregs in the osteoblastic niche?
Lecture 14, slide 17
76
What is the mechanism of action of Tregs?
Lecture 14, slide 18
77
Why is foetal tolerance needed during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 19
78
What tolerance/immune privilege mechanisms are used during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 20
79
How does placenta confer tolerance as a physical barrier during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 21
80
How do non-classical MHC molecules confer tolerance during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 22
81
How does nutrient depletion confer tolerance during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 23
82
How does Treg induction confer tolerance during pregnancy?
Lecture 14, slide 24
83
Why does a complete RAG1/2 deficiency lead to SCID?
Lecture 14, slide 25

Immune Responses (3 decks)

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