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Immune Responses > Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of pathogens?

A

Lecture 10, slide 4

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2
Q

What are the effectors of the humoral and cell mediated immune system?

A

Lecture 10, slide 5

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?

A

Lecture 10, slide 6, 8

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4
Q

What is the difference between the systems that recognise PAMPs vs antigens? Why is there this difference?

A

Lecture 10, slide 11-13

  • main differences:
  • PAMPs recognition has no potential for cross-reactivity/collateral damage.
  • antigens are more diverse and there needs to be a diverse range of receptors to recognise them.
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5
Q

What is the structure of Igs?

A

Lecture 10, slide 14 ,19

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6
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of Igs?

A

Lecture 10, slide 15

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7
Q

What are the effector mechanisms/properties of the different Ig isotypes?

A

Lecture 10, slide 16-17

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8
Q

What is somatic gene rearrangement and the process?

A

Lecture 10, slide 20,22

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9
Q

What factors contribute to Ig diversity generated in gene rearrangement?

A

Lecture 10, slide 23

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10
Q

What is the clonotypic distribution and clonal selection of B cells?

A

Lecture 10, slide 24

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11
Q

What is somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation?

A

Lecture 10, slide 25-26

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12
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Lecture 10, slide 29

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13
Q

What is an MHC molecule?

A

Lecture 11, slide 3

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14
Q

What is the difference between MHC class I and II molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 4, 11-12

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15
Q

What is the structure of MHC class I and II molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 5-6, 10

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16
Q

Where are polymorphisms in MHC molecules primarily located? How does the structure differ between MHC molecules?

A

Lecture 11, slide 8

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17
Q

What is the process of the endogenous pathway of antigen processing?

A

Lecture 11, slide 13-15

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18
Q

What is the process of the exogenous pathway of antigen processing?

A

Lecture 11, slide 16

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19
Q

What is antigen cross presentation and why is it needed? Where does T cell activation occur? Where does T cell selection occur?

A

Lecture 11, slide 17

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20
Q

What are the different processes of antigen cross presentation?

A

Lecture 11, slide 18

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21
Q

What CDs are associated with TCRs and what are they needed for?

A

Lecture 11, slide 20

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22
Q

What is the difference between Igs and TCRs?

A

Lecture 11, slide 21

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23
Q

How is diversity generated in TCRs?

A

Lecture 11, slide 22-23

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24
Q

What is MHC restricted antigen recognition? Why are TCR co-receptors needed?

A

Lecture 11, slide 24-25

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25
Q

What are the three signals required for T cell activation?

A

Lecture 11, slide 26

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26
Q

How do tumour cells and viruses evade cell mediated immunity? How is this evasion avoided?

A

Lecture 11, slide 27

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27
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

Lecture 11, slide 28, 31

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28
Q

How do NK cells kill target cells?

A

Lecture 11, slide 32

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29
Q

What are killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors?

A

Lecture 11, slide 30

-a type of NK cell receptor

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30
Q

What must an effective immune response do?

A

Lecture 12, slide 3

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31
Q

What are primary lymphoid tissues? What are secondary lymphoid tissues? What happens are they the site of respectively?

A

Lecture 12, slide 4

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32
Q

What is the structure and function of the spleen?

A

Lecture 12, slide 5

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33
Q

What is the lymphatic system? What are lymph nodes?

A

Lecture 12, slide 6

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34
Q

What is the structure and function of the lymph nodes?

A

Lecture 12, slide 7

35
Q

What are high endothelial venules? What do they express and what is their role?

A

Lecture 12, slide 8

36
Q

What are the two main functions of the innate immune system? How does it fulfil these functions?

A

Lecture 12, slide 10

37
Q

What are the roles of interstitial dendritic cells? What is the maturation of DCs associated with?

A

Lecture 12, slide 11

38
Q

Where does T cell activation take place in the lymph nodes? How are T cells activated?

A

Lecture 12, slide 13-14

39
Q

What are the two methods used by CTLs to kill?

A

Lecture 12, slide 15

40
Q

How are T follicular helper cells formed? What is their function?

A

Lecture 12, slide 16-17

41
Q

How are short lived plasma cells generated as opposed to long lived plasma cells and B memory cells? What are Germinal Centres a site of?

A

Lecture 12, slide 18-19, 24

42
Q

What is the mechanism of Ig class switching?

A

Lecture 12, slide 20-21

43
Q

What are the two types of B cell activation? What is the process of T cell-dependent B cell activation?

A

Lecture 12, slide 22

44
Q

How does the acute inflammatory response facilitate Ig-mediated pathogen clearance?

A

Lecture 12, slide 23

45
Q

Compare SLPCs, LLPCs and memory B cells.

A

Lecture 12, slide 25

46
Q

What is the difference between memory and naive B cells?

A

Lecture 12, slide 26

47
Q

What are the components of T cell memory?

A

Lecture 12, slide 27

48
Q

Compare innate immunity to adaptive immunity.

A

Lecture 13, slide 2-3

49
Q

What is the osteoblastic niche and what is its role?

A

Lecture 13, slide 4-5

50
Q

What does escape from the osteoblastic niche result in? What is the fate of the T and B cells? Where does Ig gene rearrangement occur?

A

Lecture 13, slide 6

51
Q

How are B cells tested for self-reactivity? What is light chain editing and clonal deletion?

A

Lecture 13, slide 7

52
Q

What is the limitation of B cell clonal deletion? How do T cell help to solve this problem?

A

Lecture 13, slide 8

  • problem: B cell tolerance is hard to maintain due to somatic hypermutation during the course of the immune response
  • T cell tolerance maintains B cell tolerance
53
Q

What is the structure of the thymus and what cells are present in it?

A

Lecture 13, slide 9

  • two types of stromal cells
  • thymocytes enter at the cortico-medullary junction
54
Q

What is the process of beta selection?

A

Lecture 13, slide 10-12
-ligation/dimerisation of pre-TCR tells the T cell it has produced a functional beta-chain. So gene rearrangement of the alpha-chain can then take place next.

55
Q

What are the consequences/results of beta selection?

A

Lecture 13, slide 13

56
Q

What is the process of positive selection? What is the role of cTEC?

A

Lecture 13, slide 14-15

57
Q

What are the consequences/results of positive selection?

A

Lecture 13, slide 16

58
Q

Where does negative selection take place? What is the purpose of the blood thymus barrier?

A

Lecture 13, slide 17-18, 20

59
Q

What provides the source of self antigens in negative selection? What is AIRE

A

Lecture 13, slide 21, 24

60
Q

What is APECED?

A

Lecture 13, slide 23

61
Q

What 3 ways can antigens be presented to thymocytes in negative selection?

A

Lecture 13, slide 24

62
Q

What is the paradox of T cell repertoire selection? How can it be explained by the differential affinity model?

A

Lecture 13, slide 25-27

63
Q

Why may clonal deletion of T cells not be a completely effective mechanism of tolerance?

A

Lecture 14, slide 3

64
Q

How may molecular mimicry (carried out by pathogens) break self tolerance?

A

Lecture 14, slide 4

65
Q

What are some mechanisms to help limit autoimmune pathology in the periphery?

A

Lecture 14, slide 5

66
Q

What is T cell anergy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 6-7

67
Q

What is immune privilege and what are some immune privileged tissues?

A

Lecture 14, slide 8-9

68
Q

What are some mechanisms of innate immune privilege?

A

Lecture 14, slide 10

69
Q

How may tumour cells use immune privilege mechanism?

A

Lecture 14, slide 11

70
Q

What does acquired immune privilege depend on?

A

Lecture 14, slide 12

71
Q

What is the role of FoxP3 in regulatory T cells?

A

Lecture 14, slide 13

72
Q

What are the two types of Tregs? What is the difference between them?

A

Lecture 14, slide 14

73
Q

How does the outcome of T cell selection depend on the thresholds of avidity?

A

Lecture 14, slide 15

74
Q

How are iTregs made?

A

Lecture 14, slide 16

75
Q

What is the role of Tregs in the osteoblastic niche?

A

Lecture 14, slide 17

76
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Tregs?

A

Lecture 14, slide 18

77
Q

Why is foetal tolerance needed during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 19

78
Q

What tolerance/immune privilege mechanisms are used during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 20

79
Q

How does placenta confer tolerance as a physical barrier during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 21

80
Q

How do non-classical MHC molecules confer tolerance during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 22

81
Q

How does nutrient depletion confer tolerance during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 23

82
Q

How does Treg induction confer tolerance during pregnancy?

A

Lecture 14, slide 24

83
Q

Why does a complete RAG1/2 deficiency lead to SCID?

A

Lecture 14, slide 25

Immune Responses (3 decks)

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