Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

What does the immune system recognize as foreign?

Answer 1

Antigen

Question 2

Lymphocytes that originate from the red bone marrow.

Answer 2

T cells and B cells

Question 3

What leaves the red bone marrow to mature?

Answer 3

Pre-T cells

Question 4

What mature T cells exit the thymus?

Answer 4

helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells

Question 5

Which adaptive immunity attacks invading antigen directly and are against intracellular pathogens? What cells are involved?

Answer 5

Cell-mediated immunity and cytotoxic T cells

Question 6

What adaptive immunity is against extracellular pathogens? What binds to and inactivate antigens fluids?

Answer 6

Antibody-mediated immunity and Antibodies created by B cells

Question 7

What are the two types of clone of cells?

Answer 7

Effector and memory cells

Question 8

These cells cause the deactivation or destruction of antigens. What are the cells involved in these cells?

Answer 8

Effector cells and they include: active helper T cells, active cytotoxic T cells and plasma cells

Question 9

These cells do not actively participate in the initial immune response. What are the cells involved?

Answer 9

Memory cells and they include: memory helper T cells, memory cytotoxic T cells, and B cells

Question 10

Which immunoglobulins are being identified?

About 80 percent of all antibodies in the blood; protects against bacteria and viruses; the only class that can cross the placenta

Answer 10

IgG immunoglobulin

Question 11

Which immunoglobulins are being identified?

About 10-15 percent of all antibodies in the blood; found in sweat, tears, saliva; Levels decrease during stress; Provides localized protection

Answer 11

IgA

Question 12

Which immunoglobulins are being identified?

About 5-10 percent of all antibodies; the first antibody class secreted by plasma cells; Activates complement;

Answer 12

IgM

Question 13

Which immunoglobulins are being identified?

About 0.2 percent of all antibodies; involved in the activation of B cells

Answer 13

IgD

Question 14

Which immunoglobulins are being identified?

Less than 0.1 percent of all antibodies; mast cells and basophils; involved in allergies and hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 14

IgE

Question 15

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

Antigen-presenting cells ingest antigens by phagocytosis. Ingestion could occur almost anywhere in the body that invaders, such as microbes, have penetrated the nonspecific defenses.

Answer 15

Ingestion of the antigen

Question 16

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

Within APC, protein-digesting enzymes split large antigens into short peptide fragments

Answer 16

Digestion of antigen into fragments

Question 17

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

APC synthesizes MHC molecules and packages them into vesicles

Answer 17

Synthesis of MHC molecules

Question 18

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

The vesicles containing antigen fragments and MHC molecules merge and fuse

Answer 18

Fusion of vesicles

Question 19

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

After fusion of the two vesicles, antigen fragments bind to MHC molecules

Answer 19

Binding of fragments to MHC molecules

Question 20

[Processing and Presenting Antigens]

The combined vesicle that contains antigen-MHC complexes splits open and the antigen-MHC complexes are inserted into the plasma membrane

Answer 20

Insertion of antigen–MHC complexes into the plasma membrane

Question 21

A T cell is activated if its antigen receptor binds to the foreign antigen and receives a second stimulating signal.

Answer 21

Costimulation with Interleukin 2

Question 22

The act of proliferation and differentiation of cells.

Answer 22

Clonal selection

Question 23

Produced by cytotoxic T cells and are protein-digesting enzymes that trigger apoptosis.

Answer 23

Granzymes

Question 24

These insert into the plasma membrane and creates channels in the membrane.

Answer 24

Perforin

Question 25

These enter through the channels created by perforin and destroys the microbes by making holes in their plasma membrane.

Answer 25

Granulysin

Question 26

What are the functions of Attack Antigens? [NA, IB, AA, AC, EP]

Answer 26

Neutralize antigen	
Immobilize bacteria	
Agglutinate antigen	
Activate complement	
Enhance phagocytosis

Question 27

What cell releases constimulator protein interleukin-2?

Answer 27

Helper T Cell

Question 28

What cell releases granzymes?

Answer 28

Cytotoxic T Cell

Question 29

Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell

Answer 29

B cell

Question 30

Descendent of B cell that produces and secretes antibodies

Answer 30

Plasma Cell

Question 31

This type of adaptive immunity involves the following exposure to a microbe, antigen recognition by B cells and T cells and costimulation lead to production of antibody-secreting plasma

Answer 31

Naturally acquired active immunity

Question 32

This type of adaptive immunity transfers IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across the placenta

Answer 32

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Question 33

This type of adaptive immunity is when antigens are introduced during a vaccination stimulating cell-mediated and antibody mediated-immune responses

Answer 33

Artificially acquired active immunity

Question 34

This type of adaptive immunity is intravenous injection of immunoglobulins.

Answer 34

Artificial acquired passive immunity