Adaptations For Transport In Animals

Question 1

What is an open circulatory system

Answer 1

Blood is pumped in the hadmocoel where it bathes organs and slowly returned to the heart with little control over direction of flow. blood is not contained in blood vessels

Question 2

What is a closed circulatory system

Answer 2

Blood is pumped into a series of vessels; blood flow is rapid and direction is controlled organs are not bathed by blood but by tissue fluid that leaks from capillaries

Question 3

What is a single circulatory system

Answer 3

Blood passes through the heart once in each circulation

Question 4

What is a double circulatory system

Answer 4

Blood passes through the heart twice in each circulation. once in the pulmonaryncirculation and then again this systemic circulation

Question 5

What’s the function of the superior vena cava

Answer 5

Returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 6

What’s the function of the aorta

Answer 6

Currys oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body

Question 7

What’s the function of pulmonary artery

Answer 7

Takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs from right ventricle

Question 8

What’s the function of the semilunar valve

Answer 8

There is a similar valve in the aorta they prevent blood flowing back to into the ventricles between heartbeats

Question 9

What is the function of the right atrium

Answer 9

Contracts and pumps deoxygenated into the right ventricle

Question 10

What is the function of a pulmonary vein

Answer 10

Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 11

What is the function of the tricuspid valve

Answer 11

Pressure of the contraction of the atrium opens this valve which then closes preventing backflow to the right atrium when the ventricles contract

Question 12

What is the function of the bicuspid valve

Answer 12

Prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium when the ventricles contract

Question 13

What is the structure of the right ventricle

Answer 13

Thinner muscular wall compared to the left ventricle as less pressure is produced on contraction

Question 14

What is the structure of the left ventricle

Answer 14

Comparatively thicker muscular wall to produce a higher pressure to push oxygenated blood rapidly around the body

Question 15

What’s the structure of the septum

Answer 15

War dividing oxygenate blood on the left side of the heart and deoxygenated blood on the right

Question 16

Describe the circulatory system of an insect

Answer 16

Open circulatory system
Dorsal hot tube shaped heart
No respiratory pigment in blood as lack of respiratory gases in blood due to tracheall gas exchanges system

Question 17

Describe the circulatory system of an earthworm

Answer 17

Closed circulatory system
Five pseudo hearts
Respiratory pigment hemoglobin carries respiratory gases in blood

Question 18

Describe circulatory system in a fish

Answer 18

Closed single circulatory system
Blood pumped to and oxygenated in the gills continues around the body tissues. This means a lower pressure and slower around the body

Question 19

Describe the circulatory system in a mammal

Answer 19

Closed double circulatory system
High blood pressure to body delivers oxygen quickly
Lower pressure lungs prevents hydrostatic pressure forcing tissue fluid into and reducing efficiency of alveoli

Question 20

Describe structure of an artery

Answer 20

Tough collagen outer coats to prevent over stretching
Small lumens surrounded by smooth endothelium to prevent friction
Thick layer of smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to alter blood flow to different organs. Thick layer of elastic tissue recoils to propel blood forward and even out flow

Question 21

Describe structure of vein

Answer 21

Tough collagen outer coat to prevent over stretching
Larger luminous blood is under lower pressure this gives less resistance to blood flow
Less muscle and elastic fibres instead contain seminLunar valves to prevent backflow of blood

Question 22

Describe the structure of a capillary

Answer 22

A single layer of endothelium giving a short diffusion path

Question 23

What is atrial systole

Answer 23

Atrial contracts
Pressure opens atria ventricular valves
Blood flows into ventricles

Question 24

What is ventricular systole

Answer 24

Ventricles contract
A true ventricular valves close due to pressure inventricles being higher than the atria
Semilunar Lunar valves in a aorya and pulmonary artery open
Blood flows into arteries

Question 25

What is ventricular diastole

Answer 25

Ventricle muscles relax Semi Lunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood into the ventricles

Question 26

What is diastole

Answer 26

Heart muscles relaxes and atria begins to fill from vena cava and pulmonary veins

Question 27

How does the heart initiate its own heartbeat (describe the system using the SAN node and the AVN node )

Answer 27

The heart is myogenic initiation of heart comes from heart itself Sinoatrial node acts as a pacemaker sending waves of excitation across the atria causing them to contract simultaneously A layer of connected tissue prevents the wave of excitation passing through the ventricles the wave of excitation passes to the atrial ventricular node where there is a delay to allow the atria to complete contraction The atrioventricular no transmits impulses down the bundle of his to the apex of the heart The impulse then travels of the branched Purkinje fibres simulating ventricles to contract from the bottom up this ensures all the blood is pumped out

Question 28

Describe the p wave in electrocardiogram

Answer 28

Depolarisation of the atria corresponding to atrial systole

Question 29

Describe the qrs wave in an electrocardiogram

Answer 29

Spread of depolarization through the ventricles resulting in ventricular systole

Question 30

Describe the T wave in electrocardiogram

Answer 30

Repolarization of the ventricles resultiing in in ventricular diastole

Question 31

What happens to oxygen dissociation curve to myoglobin

Answer 31

Curved shifts to the left it has a higher affinity for oxygen and holds on to it until partial pressures of oxygen are really low it then releases it rapidly it acts as a store of oxygen in muscles

Question 32

What is foetal haemoglobin

Answer 32

Curve just to the left a higher affinity for O2 then hemoglobin at all partial pressures sofitus can take O2 from the mother's blood

Question 33

Describe a oxygen dissociation curve when it's shifted to the left

Answer 33

A curve that shows haemoglobin has a high affinity for oxygen at high partial pressure of the oxygen (lungs) but releases it readily at lower partial pressures (respiring tissue)

Question 34

Describe an oxygen dissociation curve when is shifted to the right

Answer 34

Where's CO2 is present the bohr shift occurs and the curve moves to the right meaning hemoglobin has lower faintive for oxygen reason at more readily this is helpful in respiratory tissues

Question 35

What are different ways CO2 is carried in the blood

Answer 35

Dissolved in plasma Carried as carbaminohemoglobin Most carried as hydrogen carbonate ions

Question 36

Describe chloride shift

Answer 36

1. CO2 diffusers into a red blood cell 2. CO2 combines with H2O catalysed by the enzyme carbonic anhydrase forming carbonic acid 3. Carbonic acid dissociates into hydrogen ions and hydrogen carbonate ions diffuse out of the red blood cell into the plasma 4. Chloride ions diffuse via facilitated diffusion into the red blood cell to maintain electrochemical neutrality 5. Hydrogen ion spine to oxyhemoglobin reduces its affinity for oxygen this is the bohr effect 6. Oxygen is released from the hemoglobin 7. Oxygen diffuses from the red blood cell into the plasma and body cells

Question 37

Describe the formation of tissue fluid

Answer 37

1. At the atrial end of the capillary bed hydrostatic pressure is higher than osmotic pressure 2. Water and small soluble molecules are forced through the capillary walls for mint tissue fluid between the cells 3. Proteins and cells in the plasma too large to be forced out 4. Due to reduce volume of blood and friction not blood pressure falls and it moves through the capillary 5. At the Venous and the capillary bed osmotic pressure of the blood is higher than hydrostatic pressure 6. Most of the water from the tissue fluid moves back into the blood capillaries down its water potential gradient the remainder of the tissue fluid is returned to the blood via lymph vessels

Question 38

What does plasma transport

Answer 38

Plasma transport nutrients hormones and excretory products and also distributes heat

Question 39

Advantages of having a double circulation

Answer 39

Separate circulation to body and lungs Deoxygenated and oxygenated blood is separated High blood pressure the therefore greater oxygenation Lower blood pressure to the lungs preventing hydrostatic pressure for some tissue fluid into the alveoli

Question 40

Describe the function of an artery

Answer 40

Transport blood from the heart to body tissues

Question 41

Describe function of a vein

Answer 41

Transport blood from body tissues back to the heart

Question 42

Describe the function of a capillary

Answer 42

Facilitates the exchange of substances between the blood and body tissues

Question 43

Describe the conditions inside aorta and arteries

Answer 43

Highest pressure, rhythmical rise and falling pressure corresponds to relaxation and contraction of the ventricles in the heart muscles

Question 44

Describe conditions inside arterioles

Answer 44

Friction with vessel wall causes a drop in pressure. Contains large surface area and narrow leading to drop of pressure Can ajust diameter to control blood flow further away from the heart

Question 45

Describe conditions inside capillaries

Answer 45

Huge cross section surface area to reduce pressure and slows blood flow. This allows for the time of four exchange of substances Pressure drops in capillaries due to leakage of substances in the tissue

Question 46

Describe the conditions inside a vein

Answer 46

Return flow to heart is non-rythmical pressure in the veins is low and pressure can be increase by massaging effect of muscles

Question 47

Describe the structure of a hemoglobin

Answer 47

Red blood cells are very small, biocon cave for a large surface area to volume ratio and short diffusion path No nucleus endoplasmic rectilium and mitochondria for more room for hemoglobin molecules and maximizes the amount of oxygen that can be carried Oxygen transported by haemoglobin the oxygen combines with hemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin each molecule can pick up four oxygen molecules therefore 8 atoms