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biology - component 3 > adaptations for transport - animals > Flashcards

adaptations for transport - animals Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define haemocoel

A

space in an insect’s body cavity that fluid is pumped into

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2
Q

define haemolymph

A

the fluid in insects that bathes the tissues directly, enabling the exchange of substances

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3
Q

define pulmonary circulation

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the lungs

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4
Q

define systematic circulation

A

all of the blood vessels involved in transporting blood from the heart to the rest of the body / tissues (excluding the lungs)

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5
Q

define chordae tendineae

A

tendons attached to valves in the heart which prevent the valves from prolapsing

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6
Q

define atrio-ventricular valves

A

valves between atria and ventricles

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7
Q

define semi-lunar valves

A

valves between major arteries and ventricles

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8
Q

define sino-atrial node

A

pacemaker found in the wall of the right atrium which sends a wave of depolarisation across the atria

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9
Q

define atrio-ventricular node

A

bundle of tissue found between the atria and ventricles which delays the wave of depolarisation

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10
Q

define bundle of His

A

fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation through the septum to the apex

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11
Q

define purkinje fibres

A

fibres which transmit the wave of depolarisation into the ventricular walls to allow contraction

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12
Q

define systole

A

scientific term for contraction

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13
Q

define diastole

A

scientific term for relaxation

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14
Q

define electrocardiogram

A

a test used to check the heart’s rhythm and electrical activity

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15
Q

describe an open circulatory system in terms of insects

A
  • fluid is pumped at relatively low pressure from one main long, dorsal tube-shaped heart running the length of the body
  • fluid called haemolymph bathes the tissues directly, enabling the exchange substances
  • when the heart relaxes, the haemolymph is sucked slowly back to the heart
  • there is no respiratory pigment in the insect haemolymph as oxygen diffuses directly to respiring cells through the tracheal system.
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16
Q

describe a closed circulatory system in terms of mammals and fish

A
  • blood circulates in a fully enclosed system of tubes (blood vessels)
  • the heart is a muscular pump, pushing blood at high pressure and with a rapid flow rate
  • organs are not in direct contact with the blood but are bathed in tissue fluid
  • blood contains a respiratory pigment which carries oxygen
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17
Q

describe a closed circulatory system in terms of earthworms

A
  • has dorsal and ventral vessels running the length of the body
  • these are connected by five pairs of pseudohearts
  • blood contains a respiratory pigment which carries oxygen
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18
Q

describe open circulatory system in terms of :
- blood pressure
- direct contact with organs
- blood is contained in…
- respiratory pigment
- transport of oxygen

A

BLOOD PRESSURE : low pressure as it is not contained within vessels

CONTACT WITH ORGANS : as the haemolymph leaves the circulatory system it bathes the organs directly

BLOOD IS CONTAINED IN : blood is pumped from a long dorsal tubular heart into spaces within the body cavity

RESPIRATORY PIGMENT : oxygen reaches the gas exchange surface via a tracheal system, so no respiratory pigment is needed to carry oxygen around body

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN : oxygen is transported directly to tissues

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19
Q

describe the closed circulatory system in terms of :
- blood pressure
- direct contact with organs
- blood is contained in …..
- respiratory pigment
- transport of oxygen

A

BLOOD PRESSURE : blood is under high pressure as it is contained within vessels

DIRECT CONTACT WITH ORGANS : as blood is contained within blood vessels blood never has direct contact with organs

BLOOD IS CONTAINED IN : blood is always within vessels, which include arteries, veins and capillaries

RESPIRATORY PIGMENT : oxygen diffuses into the blood and is carried around the body in blood bound to haemoglobin

TRANSPORT OF OXYGEN : oxygen is transported from the lungs to the heart and then towards capillaries in body tissues

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20
Q

what are the two types of closed circulatory system? describe them.

A

SINGLE CIRCULATION
e.g fish
blood passes through the heart once in one complete circulation

DOUBLE CIRCULATION
e.g mammals
blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation

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21
Q

what are the two circuits in double circulation?
describe them.

A

PULMONARY CIRCULATION
all of the blood vessels involved in transporting all the blood from the heart to the lungs

SYSTEMATIC CIRCULATION
all of the blood vessels involved in transporting all the blood from the heart to the rest of the body/tissues

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22
Q

what are the advantages of double circulation?
explain these

A
  1. maintains a high blood pressure in the systematic (blood) circulation
    - increased rate of flow to the tissue = increased rate of oxygen supply to tissues for aerobic respiration
  2. allows for a lower pressure in the pulmonary (lung) circulation
    - prevents build up of tissue fluid in the lungs if pressure was too high
  3. rapid circulation in the systemic circuit
    - left side of heart has thicker muscle to generate a high pressure and faster circulation
    - right side of heart has thinner muscle because blood travels a shorter distance
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23
Q

The oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is kept seperate. Why is this important?

A

Maintains a steep concentration gradient for oxygen at the tissues, and carbon dioxide in the lungs for efficient gas exchange

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24
Q

what are the 3 major types of blood vessels that make up the circulatory system called? Describe them.

A

ARTERIES - transport blood Away from the heart
VEINS - transport blood to the heart
CAPILLARIES - smallest vessels that allow exchange of substances with body vessels

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25
Q

how do the valves work?

A
  • blood tries to flow back
  • blood fills the pocket above the valve
  • this forces the valve shut
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26
Q

why do veins above the heart have no valves?

A

gravity will draw blood down towards the heart

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27
Q

The endothelium is the innermost layer of the vessel and is one cell thick. It proves a smooth lining. Capillaries contain only this layer.
Why is this an important feature?

A

SMOOTH LINING : reduces friction to reduce resistance to flow of blood
ONE CELL THICK: provides a short diffusion distance and easily bathing capillaries in tissue fluid

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28
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle in arteries?

A
  • withstands high blood pressure from the pumping action of the heart
  • it can also contract or relax to direct blood flow around the body to cope with high pressure from the heart (vasodilation and vasoconstriction)
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29
Q

what is the function of elastic fibres in arteries?

A

stretch and recoil from blood

30
Q

collagen fibres in vessels?

A

these fibres are found in the outer layer of the vessels and are resistant to over-stretching

31
Q

what make up the middle layer of vessels?

A

elastic fibres and smooth muscle

32
Q

what is the three-layered structure that is found in arteries and veins?

A
  • endothelium
  • elastic fibres and smooth muscle
  • collagen fibres
33
Q

how are veins adapted to their function?

A
  • wide diameter lumens so that they can deliver large volumes of blood back to the heart
  • thin walls as the pressure inside is much lower, due to the further distance from the heart
  • thin muscle layer in the walls can be compressed easily, allowing contracting skeletal muscle to squeeze veins and push the blood upwards towards the heart
  • pocked valves in the veins ensure that blood flows in one direction
34
Q

how are arteries adapted to their function?

A
  • thick layer of smooth muscle to withstand high pressure and
  • a thick layer of elastic fibres for elastic recoil to maintain high blood pressure
35
Q

how are arterioles adapted to their function?

A

they are able to adjust their diameter to vary the blood supply to a capillary bed

36
Q

how are capillaries adapted to their function?

A
  • consist only of endothelium and are one cell thick
  • have pores in their walls
  • capillary walls are more permeable to water and dissolved substances such as glucose, amino acids, urea, oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • thin capillary walls allow for more efficient exchange of materials and gases as there is a short diffusion pathway
  • narrow lumen, restricting blood flow and slowing down the blood, allowing more time for exchange of materials at the tissues
37
Q

what is the heart?

A

a specialised tissue that is capable of ryhthmical contraction and relaxation over a long period, without fatigue
- has four chambers and consists largely of cardiac muscle

38
Q

give the function of the tendinous cords in the heart

A

to prevent valves from inverting when contracting

39
Q

what are some ethical issues when dissecting?

A

ensure animals are treated humanely
ensure no animals are killed needlessly

40
Q

what is the function of the aorta?

A

largest artery and transports blood from heart to the body

41
Q

what is the function of the vena cavae?

A

two veins that carry deoxygenated blood to the heart from the upper and lower parts of the body

42
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary arteries?

A

transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs where gas exchange takes place

43
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary veins?

A

transports oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart

44
Q

what is the function of the coronary arteries?

A

supply the heart cells with oxygenated blood and glucose

45
Q

what is the function of the coronary veins?

A

remove deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscle

46
Q

describe blood flow through the heart around the body, starting from the lungs

A

LUNGS —> oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the heart in the pulmonary vein
—-> blood leaves the pulmonary vein and enters the left atrium
—-> the left atrium contracts and forces blood into the left ventricle through the bicuspid valve
—-> the ventricle contracts and the bicuspid valve closes, forcing blood upwards into the aorta through the semi lunar valve
—-> oxygenated blood leaves the heart via the aorta to travel to the body tissues —-> BODY TISSUES
BODY TISSUES —–> deoxygenated blood from the body returns to the heart tissues in the vena cava
—-> doxygenated blood moves from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium
—-> the right atrium contracts and blood moves into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
—-> the right ventricle contracts closing the tricuspid valve and forcing blood into the pulmonary artery through the semi lunar valve
—-> deoxygenated blood travels in the pulmonary artery towards the lungs
—-> LUNGS

47
Q

summarise the cardiac cycle

A
  • the right atrium recieves deoxygenated from the vena cava and the left atrium oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein
  • when this happens, the atrioventricular valves are open : tricuspid (right atrium) and bicuspid (left atrium)
  • blood is drawn from atria (high pressure) into the relaxed ventricle (low pressure)
  • the atria contract which forces the remaining blood into the ventricles
  • the ventricles now contract, forcing the blood out via through semi-lunar valves through the pulmonary artery and aorta
48
Q

what is a single contraction and relaxation called?

A

contraction - sistole
relaxation - diastole

49
Q

why does the left ventricle has a thicker muscular wall than the right ventricle?

A

produces high pressure as the left ventricle pumps blood to the body, in order to move blood such a large distance

50
Q

when do the semi lunar valves open and close?

A

OPEN : when the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the aorta and pulmonary artery

CLOSE : when the pressure in these arteries is greater than the ventricles and blood tries to flow backwards

51
Q

when do the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open and close?

A

OPEN : when the pressure of the blood in the atria is greater than in the ventricles

CLOSE : when the pressure of the blood in the ventricles is greater than in the atria

52
Q

why does blood pressure decrease in the capillaries?

A

they have a small diameter and friction which reduces flow rate of the blood, so decreases pressure
- some fluid is force through the capillaries into the tissues which reduces blood flow and pressure in capillaries

53
Q

where in the heart is the highest blood pressure and why?

A

aorta and arteries
because:
- it is closest to the heart
- there is a rhythmic rise and fall corresponding to ventriular contraction and relaxation

54
Q

is the pressure in the veins low or high?

A

low

55
Q

why does the pressure in the veins not fall to zero?

A

the massaging effect of skeletal muscles

56
Q

what is meant by myogenic?

A

heartbeat is initiated from within the muscle itself and is not due to external stimulation

57
Q

what is the role of the sino atrial node?

A

initiates electrical impulse and spreads it across the atria causing them to contract simultaneously

58
Q

what is the role of the atrioventricular node?

A

introduces a delay AND passes the electrical implies down the Purkinje fibres / Bundle of His

59
Q

what is the role of the Purkinje fibres / Bundle of His?

A

they carry the electrical implode to the apex / bottom of the heart AND cause the ventricles to contract simultaneously

60
Q

explain the events occurring during the P wave

A
  • sino atrial node generates the electrical impulse
  • this causes depolarisation
  • this causes contraction of atria (atrial systole)
61
Q

explain the events occurring during the QRS complex

A
  • AVN transmits electrical impulse
  • passes through the Bundle of His and Purkinje Fibres
  • depolarisation of ventricles (ventricular systole)
62
Q

explain the events occurring during the T wave

A
  • repolarisation and relaxation of ventricles
  • causes ventricular diastole (relaxation of ventricles)
63
Q

what prevents the electrical impulse from spreading to the ventricles?

A

a layer of connective tissue

64
Q

what does the length of the PR interval indicate?

A

gap between atria contracting and ventricle contracting
- it is the time taken for electrical impulse to spread from the atria to the atrioventricular node

65
Q

why is the QRS wave bigger than the P wave?

A

ventricles and more muscle than atria so the amplitude is bigger than the P wave because there are more contractions.

66
Q

3 stages of cardiac cycle?

A
  • atrial systole
  • ventricular systole
  • diastole
67
Q

describe atrial systole

A
  • both atria contract forcing the tricuspid and bicuspid valves open
  • blood flows from the atria (higher pressure) into the ventricles (lower pressure)
  • backflow of blood into the veins is prevented by closure of the valves in the veins
68
Q

describe ventricular systole

A
  • both ventricles contract forcing the blood up and out of the heart (higher pressure) into the arteries (lower pressure)
  • the bicuspid and tricuspid valves close due to the pressure from the blood in the ventricles. this prevents the backflow of blood into the atria
  • the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery open
69
Q

describe diastole

A
  • atria and ventricles relax creating a low pressure in the heart
  • the semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary artery close due to blood in the aorta (higher pressure) attempting to flow backwards into the ventricles (lower pressure)
  • blood flows from the veins through the atria and into the ventricles as there is a higher pressure in the veins
70
Q

describe the pressure in the arterioles

A
  • friction with vessel walls causes a progressive drop in pressure
  • arterioles have a large total cross-sectional area and a relatively narrow lumen causing a substantial decrease in aortic pressure
  • the pressure in the arterioles depends on whether they are dilated or constricted
71
Q
A
72
Q
A

biology - component 3 (8 decks)

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