Adam Midterm review questions Flashcards
How does an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure cause edema?
Inreases due to vein obstruction or salt and water retention.
How does a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure cause edema?
Lost or diminished plasma albumin causes fluid to move into the interstitial space causing edema.
What forces promote net filtration?
Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, Starling forces.
How do hormones regulate salt and water balance?
Water balance is regulated primarily by antidiuretic hormone. Serum osmolarity is elevated causing ADH to be released.
What are aquaporins?
A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water
What causes Isotonic imbalance?
Gains or losses in extracellular fluid.
What causes hypertonic imbalances?
When water is lost or sodium is gained
What are causes of hypernatremia?
sodium levels above 145 mmol/L.
What is the most severe complication of hyponatremia?
Cerebral edema and increased intercranial pressure. Lethargy, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma.
What role does potassium play in the body? What metabolic dysfunctions occur in potassium deficiency and excess?
Potassium maintains membrane potential of cells. In deficiency: carb metabolism is reduced, metabolic alkalosis can occur, polyuria and volume depletion, muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhytmia.
In excess: muscle excitability increased, cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest can occur, metabolic acidosis can occur, fluid retention can occur.
How can a person have a normal total body potassium levels but still exhibit hypokalemia
ECF hypokalemia can develop without loss of total body potassium.
What is the difference between compensation and correction of acid-base disturbances?
Renal and respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH are known as compensation.
Correction is when the values for both components of the buffer pair (carbonic acid & bicarbonate) return to normal levels.
What two chemicals change in acid-base disturbances?
Hydrogen and Bicarbonate
How do alterations in carbon dioxide concentration influence acid-base status?
Carbon dioxide levels are altered by hyper and hypoventilation. Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis. Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis and arterial acidosis.
What is chronic venous insufficiency?
Occurs when venous return is inadequate causing pooling of blood in the lower extremities.
What are the major risk factors for deep vein thrombosis?
The major risk factors for DVT are The Triad of Virchow and include venous stasis, venous edothelial damage, and hypercoagulable state.
What is superior vena cava syndrome?
Swelling and edema of the upper extremities and neck due to impediment of flow from the upper vasculature to the vena cava. Typically caused by tumours.
What are the major risk factors for Hypertension?
Major risk factors include genetic predisposition, aging, males under 55 years, females over 55 years, black race, obesity, sendentary lifestyle.
What is the pathophysiology of primary hypertension?
Primary hypertension can be caused by alterations in the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides, inflammation, obesity or insulin resistance. These lead to increased salt and water retention.
What is malignant hypertension?
A severe, rapidly progressive form of hypertension where diastolic pressure is above 140mm Hg. Leads to cerebral edema, stroke, cardiac failure, renal failure and retinopathy.
What are the causes of orthostatic hypotension?
In orthostatic hypotension normal responses to fluid shifts during standing are impaired due to decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. Drug use, prolonged immobility, blood volume depletion and venous pooling are causes.
What is a thrombus?
A clot made of fibrin and blood cells attached to the vessel wall.
Why are emboli dangerous?
No matter the size of the embolus, it will eventually lodge in a systemic or pulmonary vessel and cause ischemia or infarction in tissues. Fits like a plug
What is Buergers disease?
Buergers disease is an inflammatory diseases with symptoms of thrombotic occlusion, vasodilation, vasospasm. Symptoms usually seen in fingers and toes. Redness, oain and cyanosis.
