Adam Midterm review questions

Question 1

How does an increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure cause edema?

Answer 1

Inreases due to vein obstruction or salt and water retention.

Question 2

How does a decrease in capillary oncotic pressure cause edema?

Answer 2

Lost or diminished plasma albumin causes fluid to move into the interstitial space causing edema.

Question 3

What forces promote net filtration?

Answer 3

Hydrostatic and oncotic pressures, Starling forces.

Question 4

How do hormones regulate salt and water balance?

Answer 4

Water balance is regulated primarily by antidiuretic hormone. Serum osmolarity is elevated causing ADH to be released.

Question 5

What are aquaporins?

Answer 5

A family of water channel proteins that provide permeability to water

Question 6

What causes Isotonic imbalance?

Answer 6

Gains or losses in extracellular fluid.

Question 7

What causes hypertonic imbalances?

Answer 7

When water is lost or sodium is gained

Question 8

What are causes of hypernatremia?

Answer 8

sodium levels above 145 mmol/L.

Question 9

What is the most severe complication of hyponatremia?

Answer 9

Cerebral edema and increased intercranial pressure. Lethargy, confusion, apprehension, seizures, coma.

Question 10

What role does potassium play in the body? What metabolic dysfunctions occur in potassium deficiency and excess?

Answer 10

Potassium maintains membrane potential of cells. In deficiency: carb metabolism is reduced, metabolic alkalosis can occur, polyuria and volume depletion, muscle weakness, cardiac dysrhytmia.
In excess: muscle excitability increased, cardiac dysrhythmias and cardiac arrest can occur, metabolic acidosis can occur, fluid retention can occur.

Question 11

How can a person have a normal total body potassium levels but still exhibit hypokalemia

Answer 11

ECF hypokalemia can develop without loss of total body potassium.

Question 12

What is the difference between compensation and correction of acid-base disturbances?

Answer 12

Renal and respiratory adjustments to primary changes in pH are known as compensation.
Correction is when the values for both components of the buffer pair (carbonic acid & bicarbonate) return to normal levels.

Question 13

What two chemicals change in acid-base disturbances?

Answer 13

Hydrogen and Bicarbonate

Question 14

How do alterations in carbon dioxide concentration influence acid-base status?

Answer 14

Carbon dioxide levels are altered by hyper and hypoventilation. Hyperventilation causes respiratory alkalosis. Hypoventilation causes respiratory acidosis and arterial acidosis.

Question 15

What is chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 15

Occurs when venous return is inadequate causing pooling of blood in the lower extremities.

Question 16

What are the major risk factors for deep vein thrombosis?

Answer 16

The major risk factors for DVT are The Triad of Virchow and include venous stasis, venous edothelial damage, and hypercoagulable state.

Question 17

What is superior vena cava syndrome?

Answer 17

Swelling and edema of the upper extremities and neck due to impediment of flow from the upper vasculature to the vena cava. Typically caused by tumours.

Question 18

What are the major risk factors for Hypertension?

Answer 18

Major risk factors include genetic predisposition, aging, males under 55 years, females over 55 years, black race, obesity, sendentary lifestyle.

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of primary hypertension?

Answer 19

Primary hypertension can be caused by alterations in the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, natriuretic peptides, inflammation, obesity or insulin resistance. These lead to increased salt and water retention.

Question 20

What is malignant hypertension?

Answer 20

A severe, rapidly progressive form of hypertension where diastolic pressure is above 140mm Hg. Leads to cerebral edema, stroke, cardiac failure, renal failure and retinopathy.

Question 21

What are the causes of orthostatic hypotension?

Answer 21

In orthostatic hypotension normal responses to fluid shifts during standing are impaired due to decreased sympathetic nervous system activity. Drug use, prolonged immobility, blood volume depletion and venous pooling are causes.

Question 22

What is a thrombus?

Answer 22

A clot made of fibrin and blood cells attached to the vessel wall.

Question 23

Why are emboli dangerous?

Answer 23

No matter the size of the embolus, it will eventually lodge in a systemic or pulmonary vessel and cause ischemia or infarction in tissues. Fits like a plug

Question 24

What is Buergers disease?

Answer 24

Buergers disease is an inflammatory diseases with symptoms of thrombotic occlusion, vasodilation, vasospasm. Symptoms usually seen in fingers and toes. Redness, oain and cyanosis.

Question 25

What is the manifestation of Raynaud’s disease?

Answer 25

Vasospasms in the small arteries of fingers and sometimes toes. Mostly in fingers, results from ischmia of tissues, pallor, cyanosis, numbness and coldness.

Question 26

How do atherosclerosis develop?

Answer 26

Most common form of ateriosclerosis where soft deposits of intra-arterial fat and fibrin are in the vessel walls. The deposits harden and cause ischemia. Leading cause is coronary artyer disease.

Question 27

How do hypertension and dyslipidemia increase the likelihood of coronary artery disease?

Answer 27

High cholesterol levels help in develop of plaques which stiffen and narrow arteries. This compromises blood flow to the heart and causes coronary artery disease.

Question 28

What is myocardial ischemia?

Answer 28

a condition where blood flow in the coronary arteries are insufficient in supplying oxygen to the myocardium. Oxygen is deprived but tissue damage can be reversible

Question 29

What is angina?

Answer 29

Angina is chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia. It can be stable or unstable.

Question 30

What is stable angina? unstable angina?

Answer 30

Stable angina is usually relieved by rest. Unstable angina is not relieved by rest

Question 31

What is silent ischemia ?

Answer 31

Oxygen supply to the heart is insufficient but the ischemia is not manifested by pain or other typical symptoms.

Question 33

Describe coronary artery disease

Answer 33

Myocardial ischemia develops over time as atherosclerotic plaques gradually narrow and harden the walls of coronary arteries. As narrowing becomes severe the coronary artery may become occluded by a clot. Acute myocardial infarction is the end point of the coronary artery disease-myocardial infarction continuum.