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Animal Diversity unit 4 > AD unit 4 > Flashcards

AD unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

synapomorphies of Echinodermata

A

Pentaradial symmetry, Larvae bilaterally symmetrical; Calcium carbonate endoskeleton; WVS

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2
Q

Common deuterostome characteristics?

A

blastopore doesn’t become mouth, enterocoelous development, radial indeterminate cleavage

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3
Q

Echinodermata characteristics

A

Marine; benthic predators, detritivores, herbivores or suspension feeders

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4
Q

what are Asteroidea?

A

sea stars

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5
Q

Major Echinoderm Subgroups

A

Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, Crinoidea

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6
Q

what are Ophiuroidea?

A

brittle and serpent stars

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7
Q

what are Holothuroidea?

A

sea cucumbers

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8
Q

what are Echinoidea?

A

urchins, sand dollars

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9
Q

what is the skeleton of articulated plates made of in Asteroids?

A

calcium carbonate

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10
Q

what are Crinoidea?

A

sea lillies

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11
Q

what are the key features of the external anatomy of an Asteroid?

A

interambulacral + ambulacral regions; pper surface w pedicellariae (pincers on stalks); Mouth faces down, anus on top (aboral surface)

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12
Q

what is the internal anatomy of an Asteroid?

A

body filled w perivisceral coelom (PVC)

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13
Q

how does the WVS work?

A

Ends are tube feet; Radial canals run down arms in ambulacral grooves, Along radial canals are ampullae, 1 above each tube foot, Contract, tube feet expand/attach; relax and muscles contract, it moves; Ring canal (RC) encircles mouth; Stone canal connects RC to madreporite (sieve plate) on aboral surface

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14
Q

what is the Water Vascular System?

A

coelomic tube system filled w seawater

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15
Q

what are tube feet?

A

tentacles used for locomotion/prey capture

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16
Q

what do asteroids eat?

A
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17
Q

How do asteroids eat?

A

evert stomach thru mouth, no/small anus

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18
Q

nervous system characteristics of Asteroids

A

nerve net w ring nerve under RC; radial nerve extends into each arm

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19
Q

gas/waste characteristics of Asteroids?

A

occurs across tube feet; papullae aid respiration; PVC transports O2

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20
Q

what is the hemal system in Asteroids?

A
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21
Q

Ophiuroidea (brittle/serpent stars) general anatomy

A

5 slender arms w round central disk; Mouth w 5 jaws, madreporite on oral surface; no anus; Radial nerves covered by plates (closed ambulacral groove)

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22
Q

what are Holothuroidea’s?

A

elongated, soft echinoids

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23
Q

Echinoidea (urchins and sand dollars) general anatomy

A

Round/flattened _____ w spines, pedicellariae (small wrench/claw-shaped appendage w movable jaws (valves); Gonopores, madreporite, terminal tube feet open thru 5 apical plates; closed ambulacral groove

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24
Q

what are Cuvierian tubules?

A

modified parts of respiratory trees; stick threadsd

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25
Q

What other animals have tripartite coeloms?

A

lophophorates, echinoderms

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26
Q

general anatomy of Holothuroidea’s?

A

stone canal leads to internal madreporic bodies; respiratory trees for gas exchange

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27
Q

how are Cuvierian tubules used and what for?

A
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28
Q

what is Evisceration?

A

when harassed/stressed sea stars dump their guts

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29
Q

what are the 3 body regions of Hemichordata?

A

proboscis, collar, trunk - each w coelom

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30
Q

what are Pterobranchia?

A

marine colonial tube dwellers; deep sea

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31
Q

what are Enteropneusta?

A

marine benthic worms; solitary, acorn worms

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32
Q

how do Enteropneusta eat?

A

eat particles that stick to proboscis; water flows into mouth, out thru pharyngeal slits

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33
Q

where does gas exchange occur in Enteropneusta?

A

pharyngeal slits

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34
Q

Major synapomorphies of Chordata include:

A

notochord, postanal tail, endostyle, DHNC, pharyngeal slits/pouches

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35
Q

what is a notochord?

A

flexible dorsal skeletal rod, replaced by vertebrae in most verts

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36
Q

what are the major subgroups of Chordata?

A

Cephalochordata, Urochordata, vertebrata

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37
Q

what is a postanal tail?

A

vestigial, lost in few verts

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38
Q

where in the endostyle in humans?

A

thyroid gland

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39
Q

what are lancelets?

A

suspension feeders in shallow, warm marine habitats

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40
Q

what is Cephalochordata?

A

lancelets

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41
Q

what diagnostic chordate features are found in Cephalochordate adults?

A

V-shaped myomeres

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42
Q

how do Ascidiacea reproduce?

A

cloning - form colonies; sexual - Hermaphroditic, occasional self fertilization; Tadpole larva w dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail, notochord

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43
Q

what are myomeres?

A

segmented trunk muscles

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44
Q

what are Ascidiacea’s?

A

Tunicates

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45
Q

what are 3 subgroups of Urochordata?

A

Ascidiacea, Thaliacea, Appendicularia (Larvacea)

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46
Q

Ascidiacea anatomy

A

covered by tough tunic; 2 siphons; water pumped into pharynx by oral siphon cilia; endostyle secretes mucus - water passes thru mucus, trapping food; Dorsally, mucus rope moved to esophagus; gas exchange in pharynx

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47
Q

what are the 2 siphons in Ascidiacea?

A

oral/incurrent, atrial/excurrent

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48
Q

what are the holes in tunicates?

A

stigmata

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49
Q

Vertebrate synapomorphies:

A

Distinct head w tripartite brain (fore/mid/hindbrain), cranium (skull); Neural crest; Neurogenic ectodermal placodes;
W-shaped myomeres

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50
Q

what are Thaliacea?

A

salps, pelagic urochordates that form large colonies

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51
Q

3 major extant subgroups of vertebrates?

A

lampreys, hagfish, gnathostomes

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52
Q

what are Appendicularia/Larvacea?

A

larvaceans; Pelagic, retain tadpole-like form as adults; Secrete large mucus “house” for filtering device, protection

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53
Q

what is a Neural crest?

A

mass of cells lying along neural tube

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54
Q

what are Neurogenic ectodermal placodes?

A

series of “plates” (thickenings) along neural tube

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55
Q

who were the earliest verts?

A

Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia

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56
Q

when did Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia live?

A

~530 myo

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57
Q

Haikouichthys, Myllokunmingia characteristics

A

cranium, heart, W-shaped myomeres, but no bone

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58
Q

what are Cyclostomata?

A

Agnatha

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59
Q

what groups are in Osteichthyes?

A

Actinopterygii; Actinistia, Dipnoi; Tetrapoda

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60
Q

What animals are in Cyclostomata?

A

hagfish, lampreys

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61
Q

what does Gnathostomata mean?

A

“jaw mouths”

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62
Q

what groups are in Gnathostomata?

A

Placodermi, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

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63
Q

what are Placodermi?

A

extinct, heavily armored jawed fish

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64
Q

what are Chondrichthyes?

A

sharks, skates, rays

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65
Q

what are Actinopterygii?

A

ray-finned fish

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66
Q

what are Osteichthyes?

A

Euteleostomi; bony fish, tetrapods

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67
Q

what are Actinistia, Dipnoid?

A

coelacanths, lungfish

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68
Q

what do Hox genes do?

A

control segment identity along body (critical in placement and number of limbs, vertebrae)

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69
Q

how many Hox clusters do Cephalochordates have?

A

1

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70
Q

how many Hox clusters do Hagfish and Lampreys have?

A

2

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71
Q

how many Hox clusters do Gnathostomes have?

A

4

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72
Q

what are the neural crest and placodes and what do they do?

A

Form peripheral nervous system, cranium, adrenal glands, sense organs (nose, eyes, inner ear)

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73
Q

what are Ostracoderms?

A

paraphyletic group of jawless fish - covered w body carapace or plates, many lack paired fins

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74
Q

what are Conodonts known from?

A

small, hard comblike “elements”

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75
Q

what are the early Gnathostomes?

A

Placoderms, Acanthodians

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76
Q

what are placoderms?

A

armored, large (10 m)

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77
Q

what are acanthodians?

A

most closely related to Chondrichthyes

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78
Q

what are the living fish?

A

Cyclostomata, Gnathostomata

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79
Q

What are ”fish”? How would you define them?

A

aquatic vertebrates w gills, fins, dermal scales; w/o legs

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80
Q

what are Myxini?

A

hagfish “slime eels”

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81
Q

how many species are there of Myxini?

A

~70

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82
Q

Myxini characteristics

A

marine scavenger/predators; Rasp off bits of food w tooth-covered tongue; no scale/vertebrae; fished to make eel skin leather

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83
Q

what are Petromyzontoidea?

A

lampreys

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84
Q

Petromyzontoidea characteristics

A

~40, half are blood parasites of fish; No scales, have small cartilaginous vertebral structures; Many spawn in FW – have filter-feeding ammocoete larvae

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85
Q

What is cartilage?

A

connective tissue made of collagen, elastin

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86
Q

what are the 2 groups of Chondrichthyes?

A

Holocephali, Elasmobranchii

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87
Q

what are Holocephali?

A

chimaeras, ratfish; 1 gill opening on head

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88
Q

Elasmobranchii characteristics

A

multiple gill openings on head; 5-7 gill slit pairs, no swim bladder

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89
Q

what are Elasmobranchii?

A

sharks, rays

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90
Q

shark characteristics

A

several groups, predators; placoid scales; include largest “fish”

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91
Q

what are placoid scales?

A

cellular pulp covered by dentin, enamel

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92
Q

Characteristics of bony fishes include:

A

Endochondral bone, swim bladder/lungs, most have gills covered w operculum

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93
Q

Rays, skates characteristics

A

Dorsoventrally flattened, w large pectoral fins; Some w venomous tail barbs

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94
Q

what is an Endochondral bone?

A

bone that replaces cartilage

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95
Q

what are Osteichthyes?

A

Clade comprising bony fish and tetrapods; Includes Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii

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96
Q

what is bone made of?

A

calcium hydroxylapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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97
Q

Actinopterygii Diversity

A

Cladistia, Chondrostie, Neopterygii

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98
Q

what are lepidotrichia?

A

fin rays; Bony, horny spines that support fins

99
Q

What are Chondrostei?

A

sturgeons, paddlefish; some bone, mostly cartilage

100
Q

what are Neopterygii?

A

all other ray-finned fish

101
Q

what are Cladistia?

A

bichirs, reedfish

102
Q

what groups are in Neopterygii?

A

Holostei, Telostei

103
Q

What taxa are in Holostei?

A

bowfins, gars

104
Q

What are Actinistia?

A

2 coelacanth species

105
Q

what are Apoda?

A

Gymnophiona, caecilians

106
Q

what are Teleostei?

A

possess flexible cycloid or ctenoid scales; have homocercal tail - vertebral column doesn’t extent into tail; bladder buoyancy control w swim bladder (gas-filled esophageal pouch)

107
Q

what are Dipnoi?

A

6 lungfish species

108
Q

what are tetrapods?

A

animals w 4 feet, legs or leglike appendages; legless groups (snakes) derived from “legged” ancestors

109
Q

Synapomorphies of Tetrapoda:

A

Limbs w carpals, tarsals, digits (fingers/toes); Well-developed pectoral, pelvic skeletons; Loss of connection between skull, pectoral girdle (clavicles/scapulae in humans)

110
Q

what groups are in Lissamphibia?

A

Caudata, Anura, Apoda

111
Q

what are the major tetrapod groups?

A

Lissamphibia, Amniota

112
Q

Characteristics of sarcopterygian fish

A

Have central appendage in fins that contains bones, muscles; flexible fins to support body; diphycercal tail

113
Q

Where do coelacanths and lungfish live?

A
114
Q

what are Anura?

A

frogs, toads

115
Q

what are Caudata?

A

Urodela, newts, salamanders

116
Q

What groups are in Amniota?

A

Synapsida, Diapsida

117
Q

what are Synapsida?

A

mammals, “mammal-like reptiles”

118
Q

what are Diapsida?

A

lizards, snakes, dinosaurs, crocodiles, birds, turtles

119
Q

when did tetrapods arise?

A

Devonian Period, 380 mya

120
Q

what is the pulmonary circuit?

A

deoxygenated blood to lungs and back

121
Q

what were the environmental conditions during the Devonian Period?

A

unstable FW habitats, prone to drying out; lungs allowed O2 to be acquired; double circulation in tetrapods arose; pulmonary and systemic circuits

122
Q

what are some tetrapod relatives (fossils)?

A

Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik

123
Q

Eusthenopteron characteristics

A

~385 mya; Pectoral girdle attached to skull; Lobe-finned fish w humerus, radius, ulna in anterior fins

124
Q

Tiktaalik characteristics

A

~375 mya, sister group to Tetrapoda; Anterior fins w functional wrists, but w fin rays; Flat head that could move independently of shoulders; had neck

125
Q

what are some tetrapod fossils?

A

Acanthostega, Ichthyostega

126
Q

Acanthostega characteristics

A

~365 mya; no fin rays, 8 digits in forelimb

127
Q

Ichthyostega characteristics

A

~365 mya; 7 digits in hindlimb; More robust limbs than Acanthostega (partly terrestrial?)

128
Q

when were early tetrapods diversified?

A

Carboniferous period ~354 - 290 mya

129
Q

what 2 lineages did Tetrapoda give rise to?

A

Amniota, Temnospondyli

130
Q

what are Lissamphibia?

A

Tetrapods w moist, scaleless skin

131
Q

Lissamphibia characteristics

A

mucus glands in skin to keep it moist; gas exchange occurs in skin, some have poison glands; 4 limbs, forelimbs w 4 digits; All carnivorous as adults; ear modifications to detect airborne

132
Q

what amphibians lack digits as adults?

A

some salamanders, all caecilians

133
Q

what does Anura mean?

A

no tail

134
Q

Apoda characteristics

A

Gymnophiona; ~180; limbless burrowers in tropics, many blind as adults; have pair of tentacles on head

135
Q

Anura characteristics

A

~5000; lack tails as adults; adults specialized for jumping (large hind limbs)

136
Q

Caudata

A

~500; Have tails, limbs generally of equal size

137
Q

what does Gymnophiona mean?

A

naked snake

138
Q

Amphibian respiration

A

aquatic stages have external gills; terrestrial stages have lungs

139
Q

what is pedomorphosis?

A

retention of juvenile traits into adulthood; some salamanders become sexually active while retaining gills, aquatic lifestyle

140
Q

life cycle of amphibians characteristics

A

metamorphic; aquatic larvae → terrestrial adult; pedomorphosis is common

141
Q

what is Amniota?

A

clade that includes “reptiles”, birds, mammals

142
Q

Mating/fertilization of frogs

A

males vocalize to attract females; ( aka amplexus), fertilize eggs externally; some brood offspring in male’s vocal pouch or in several small pouches/1 big pouch on females back

143
Q

what is amplexus?

A

males clasp females

144
Q

Synapomorphies of Amniota:

A

Extraembryonic membranes (chorion, allantois); Amnion, shell support embryo, limit water loss - shell is leathery, calcified; Thick, keratinized skin (limits water loss) – costal (rib) ventilation of lungs

145
Q

what do extraembryonic membranes in Amniotes do?

A

allow gas exchange w external environment, waste storage

146
Q

what is Synapsida (clade)?

A

mammals, “mammal-like reptiles”

147
Q

what are the only living temnospondyls?

A

amphibians

148
Q

what are Testudines?

A

(Anapsida) turtles, tortoises

149
Q

what happens in frog metamorphosis?

A

aquatic tadpoles grow limbs, absorb tail, develop lungs, absorb gills

150
Q

what type of development to terrestrial species have?

A

direct (no larvae)

151
Q

Mating/fertilization of salamanders

A

male deposits spermatophore, female picks it up - internal fertilization

152
Q

Characteristics of Non-Avian Reptiles:

A

tough, scaly skin + strong jaws; internal fertilization + amniotic egg formation; water conservation (excretion) - secrete uric acid instead of urea/ammonia and salts via salt glands

153
Q

What do Synapsida, Diapsida and Anapsida refer to?

A

amount of holes (temporal fenestrae) they have in their skull

154
Q

how many holes do anapsids have in their skulls?

A

0

155
Q

how many holes do Synapsids have in their skulls?

A

1 pair

156
Q

how many holes do Diapsids have in their skulls?

A

2 pairs

157
Q

what are the scales of non-avian reptiles made of?

A

hydrophobic lipids, beta keratin

158
Q

what does oviparous mean?

A

egg-laying

159
Q

What do all characteristics of Non-avian reptiles have in common?

A

beneficial for live in terrestrial (some arid) environments

160
Q

what extinct groups are in Diapsida (Lepidosauria)?

A

Ichthyosaurs, Plesiosaurs

161
Q

what are Lepidosauria?

A

snakes, lizards

162
Q

what groups are in Diapsida?

A

Testudines, Lepidosauria, Archosauria

163
Q

characteristics of Testudines

A

body enclosed in dorsal carapace + ventral plastron - vertebral column + ribs fused w carapace; oviparous; after mating, females bury eggs, nest temp determines offspring

164
Q

what groups are under Lepidosauria?

A

Sphenodontia, Squamata

165
Q

what are Sphenodontia?

A

tuatara are only living members; 1 living species of lizard like animals in New Zealand; parietal eye w lens + retina on head

166
Q

what are Archosauria?

A

crocs, dinos, birds

167
Q

Crocodilia characteristics

A

23 species; crocs, gaters, caimans, gharials; 4 chambered heart w palatal valve (secondary plate)

168
Q

what does the palatal valve do in Crocodilia?

A

keeps water out of throat during diving

169
Q

what are Squamata?

A

lizards, snakes, “worm lizards”

170
Q

what is a kinetic skull?

A

joints in skull allow snout to be tilted up

171
Q

Squamata characteristics

A

kinetic skull

172
Q

what are the 3 squamate groups?

A

Amphisbaenia (worm lizards), Sauria (lizards), Serpentes (snakes)

173
Q

lizard characteristics

A

~5000; broadly distributed, ecologically diverse; small insectivores to large herbs/carnivores

174
Q

snake characteristics

A

~3000; lack pectoral, pelvic girdles, moveable eyelids and external ears; 20% venomous - have pit organs on head to find warm blooded prey

175
Q

what groups are in Archosauria?

A

Crocodilia, Dinosauria

176
Q

Dinosauria major groups

A

Ornithischia, Saurischia

177
Q

Synapomorphies of Aves:

A

Asymmetric wing, tail feathers; forelimbs modified as wings

178
Q

what animals are in Ornithischia?

A

Stegosaurus, Triceratops

179
Q

Similarities of birds and theropod dinosaurs include:

A

mobile, S-shaped neck; foot w 3 forward toes, 1 backward toe; hollow bones

180
Q

what animals are in Saurischia?

A

Sauropods, Tyrannosaurs

181
Q

What do we call group that includes Paleognathae except tinamous?

A

ratites

182
Q

what is an extinct group in Aves?

A

Archaeopteryx

183
Q

what are living birds called?

A

Neornithes

184
Q

what animals are in Paleognathae?

A

ostriches, rheas, emus, cassowaries, kiwis, tinamous

185
Q

feathers are modified scales used for what?

A

flight, insulation, displays, camo, waterproof

186
Q

what do feathers consist of?

A

quill, shaft, barbs, barbules

187
Q

feathers are usually made of what protein and are in what other things?

A

beta keratin , found in reptile scales, turtle shells, porcupine quills

188
Q

what are down feathers for?

A

insulation

189
Q

what are contour feathers?

A

main body feathers, includes remiges and rectrices (wing, tail flight feathers)

190
Q

characteristics of skeleton and muscles of birds

A

flight is metabolically demanding - skeleton, muscles, respiration are highly modified

191
Q

what does pneumatized mean?

A

filled w air spaces, light but strong

192
Q

Other skeletal and muscular modifications of birds

A

no teeth (keratinous beak); most vertebrae, pelvis, pectoral girdle, sternum are fused, large keel on sternum; forelimb bones highly modified

193
Q

avian respiration characteristcs

A

tube-like parabronchi in lungs, 9 air sacs

194
Q

what do parabronchi do?

A

allow 1 way air flow thru lungs (countercurrent exchange; efficient way to extract oxygen)

195
Q

circulation characteristics of birds

A

4-chambered heart

196
Q

excretion characteristics in birds

A

excrete nitrogenous wastes as uric acid, better at water conservation than mammals; marine birds secrete salt via salt glands in their head

197
Q

what is flight good for?

A

escape from predators, access to food, fast travel; wings provide lift, minimize drage

198
Q

what do birds use wing slots for?

A

avoid stalls

199
Q

what are the types of wings?

A

elliptical, high-speed, dynamic (active) soaring and high-lift (passive soaring)

200
Q

what are the 2 forms of slotting?

A

spaces between primary (wing-tip) feathers; anula (feathers on thumbs)

201
Q

why do most birds fly south in fall and north in spring?

A

hard winter conditions, raise young in protective area, reduce comp, lower nest predation

202
Q

mating characteristics of birds

A

most monogamous (cheating is common); some polygynous; parental care shared by both parents

203
Q

what does polygynous mean?

A

males mate w many females; compete for mates w displys/dances

204
Q

what is Mammalia the only surviving group of?

A

Synapsida

205
Q

what does Mammalia include?

A

Monotremata, Theria

206
Q

when did mammals diverge?

A

~310 mya

207
Q

What is Monotremata?

A

egg laying mammals

208
Q

what groups are in Theria?

A

Metatheria, Eutheria

209
Q

what are in Metatheria?

A

(Marsupialia), marsupials

210
Q

what are in Eutheria?

A

(Placentalia), all other mammals (placental)

211
Q

when were Synapsids dominant on land?

A

Permian Period, ~290 - 248 mya

212
Q

what are homodont teeth?

A

have same shape

213
Q

what were early synapsids called?

A

Pelycosaurs (Dimetrodon), had homodont teeth and low metabolic rate

214
Q

what do the evolution of therapsids/cynodonts show?

A

erect gait (limbs under body); increased heterodonty; appearance of turbinate bones in nasal cavity; secondary palate

215
Q

what therapsid group survived Permian-Triassic extinction?

A

Cynodonta

216
Q

what does the secondary palate do?

A

separates nasal passages from mouth

217
Q

what are hair and fur made of?

A

alpha keratin

218
Q

what are synapomorphies of mammals?

A

hair/fur, diphyodont teeth, sweat (mammary) glands, dentary-squamosal jaw articulation

219
Q

what are diphyodont teeth?

A

2 sets of teeth (deciduous and permanent)

220
Q

what is Dentary-squamosal jaw articulation?

A

Jaw joint consists of lower jaw bone - dentiary, small bone-squamosal; 2 other jawbones became inner ear bones in mammals

221
Q

what are the inner ear bones in heterodonts?

A

incus, quadrate malleus, articular

222
Q

Characteristics of monotremes

A

Lay eggs, 1 opening (cloaca) for excretion/reproduction; leathery bill/beak w electrosensory receptors

223
Q

What structures do male platypuses have on hindlegs?

A

venomous spurs

224
Q

Theria characteristics

A

~300, pouches; short gestation in womb - young climb to pouch to continue growth; largely isolated in Australia 35-50 mya

225
Q

what are the major groups of marsupials?

A

Diprotodontia, Dasyuromorphia, Didelphimorphia

226
Q

what animals are in Diprotodontia?

A

kangaroos, koalas, wombats

227
Q

what animals are in Dasyuromorphia?

A

Tasmanian devil, thylacine

228
Q

what animals are in Didelphimorphia?

A

opossums

229
Q

why are there similar body forms in marsupials and eutherians

A

convergent evolution

230
Q

Theria (Eutheria/Placentalia) characteristics

A

most diverse mammal clade (~4000) - primates, rodents, whales, carnivores; placental mammals - gestation in uterus, nutrients supplied by placenta, young developed at birth

231
Q

what is hair produced by?

A

hair follicles

232
Q

hair characteristics

A

used for insulation, camo/displays, waterproofing; usually molted 2x year

233
Q

what are some hair modifications?

A

vibrissae (whiskers) and porcupine spines

234
Q

what does the eccrine gland do?

A

Watery secretion (hairless areas); evaporative cooling

235
Q

what are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A

eccrine and apocrine

236
Q

what does the apocrine gland do?

A

smelly secretions (armpit/pubic regions); chemical communication

237
Q

what are the 4 main types of mammal teeth?

A

…

238
Q

what do sebaceous glands do?

A

produce oily sebum; lubricates/waterproofs hair and skin; can produce scents

239
Q

how did mammal digestive system evolve w diet?

A

cellulose is hard to digest, micros produce cellulases; some herbivores engage in coprophagy, others are ruminants w 4-chambered heart

240
Q

what are claws, nails and hooves?

A

accumulations of keratin on tips of digits

241
Q

how are horns and antlers used?

A

male competition and social displays

242
Q

what are true horns?

A

keratinized epidermis over bone core

243
Q

true horns characteristics

A

only in Bovidae (sheep, antelopes, goats, cattle), not shed after breeding season

244
Q
A

Animal Diversity unit 4 (2 decks)

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