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Animal Diversity unit 4 > AD lab practical 3 > Flashcards

AD lab practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Phylum Chordata major synapomorphies

A

DHNC, endostyle (thyroid gland), notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail

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2
Q

what is the Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) and what does it do?

A

fluid-filled dorsal nerve cord that forms central nervous system along and brain

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3
Q

what is the endostyle and what does it do?

A

secretes mucus, traps small food particles

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4
Q

what is the notochord?

A

slender rod of cartilage-like connective tissue that extends along dorsal side

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5
Q

what are the pharyngeal gill slits and what does it do?

A

series of paired slits in pharynx for water to pass to gills

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5
Q

what is the postanal tail and what does it do?

A

muscular tail that projects past anus, for moving

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6
Q

what is the Cerebral ganglion and what does it do?

A

bundle of nerves that serve as brain

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7
Q

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA common name

A

tunicates, sea squirts

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7
Q

SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA characteristics

A

solitary filter feeders w 2 siphons (incurrent, excurrent); tunic made of cellulose, secreted by mantle; larva have all synapomorphies, adults don’t

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8
Q

what is the intestine/stomach and what does it do?

A

connected to pharynx, for final digestion

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8
Q

what is the pharynx?

A

mesh pattern that takes up majority of body plan

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8
Q

what are the siphons?

A

incurrent - water in, excurrent - water out

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9
Q

SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA, GENUS BRANCHIOSTOMA common name

A

lancelets, amphioxus

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10
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata, Genus Branchiostoma characteristics

A

filter feeders, basic chordate structure

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11
Q

what are Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)?

A

jawless fish

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11
Q

Subphylum Vertebrata: Superclass Agnatha, Class Petromysontida consists of what?

A

Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)

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12
Q

Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini) characteristics

A

anadromous lifestyle; larval ammocoetes live in sand

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13
Q

what does anadromous mean?

A

swim upstream to spawn

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14
Q

what are Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilaginous jawed fishes

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15
Q

what does the Ampullae of Lorenzini do?

A

detects weak electrical fields

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16
Q

what is the subclass under Chondrichthyes and what does it consist of?

A

Elasmobranchii - sharks, skates, rays

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17
Q

Chondrichthyes charactersitics

A

Ampullae of Lorenzini, ovoviviparous, Rough skin contain dermal denticles, Maintain buoyancy w large oily livers

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18
Q

what does ovoviviparous mean?

A

live birth but young develop attached to yolk sac instead of placenta

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19
Q

where are the claspers on dogfish shark and what does it do?

A

in between pelvic fins to aid in mating; only in males

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20
Q

what are the fins on a dogfish shark?

A

anterior/posterior dorsal, 2 lobed caudal, pectoral, pelvic fins

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21
Q

what do the Spiracles and nostrils do?

A

allow for breathing while feeding

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22
Q

what is the Ilium?

A

contains spiral valve

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23
Q

what does the spiral valve do in dogfish?

A

slows food to endure complete digestion or absorption

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24
Q

what does the liver do in dogfish?

A

large, multilobed; contains oil for buoyancy; gallbladder on central lobe of liver

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25
Q

where is the spleen in dogfish sharks?

A

on elbow of J-shaped stomach

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26
Q

what is the digestive tract of a dogfish shark?

A

esophagus → stomach → duodenum → ilium → colon; lined w rugae

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27
Q

what is rugae and what does it do?

A

irregular ridges that increase surface area

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28
Q

where is the heart in a dogfish shark?

A

between gill slits

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29
Q

where is the kidney in a dogfish shark?

A

in dorsal body wall

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30
Q

where are the ovaries/testes in a dogfish shark?

A

dorsal side of body between pectoral fins

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31
Q

where is the pancreas in a dogfish shark and what does it do?

A

outside of duodenum, secretes enzymes to aid in digestion

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32
Q

what does the Rectal gland/digitiform gland in a dogfish shark do?

A

regulated ion balance

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33
Q

where is the uterus in a dogfish shark?

A

next to digestive tract

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34
Q

Class Actinopterygii characteristics

A

ray-finned fish; global distribution; represent largest group of verts; buoyancy maintained w swim bladder

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35
Q

Class Actinopterygii fin characteristics

A

fins contain fin rays, can have hard spines (Ctenoid) to deter predation or softer (cycloid) for propulsion

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36
Q

what is an Operculum?

A

hard covering protecting gills

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37
Q

where are the gills in a Perca fish?

A

under operculum

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37
Q

what is the duodenum in a Perca fish?

A

“S” shaped portion of intestine

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38
Q

what is the Pyloric ceca in a Perca fish?

A

fingerlike projections nestled in curves of duodenum

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39
Q

what is the stomach in a Perca fish?

A

J-shaped, leads to bend w fingerlike pyloric ceca before entering intestine

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40
Q

what is the swim bladder in a Perca fish and what does it do?

A

filled w gases; controls buoyancy

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41
Q

where are the gonads in a Perca fish?

A

visible connected to urogenital opening

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42
Q

respiration characteristics in fish

A

water movement across gills is driven by oral and opercular pumps

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43
Q

how can the volume of the oral pump be changed?

A

raising and lowering jaw and floor of mouth

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44
Q

what is cutaneous respiration?

A

using skin as respiratory organs

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44
Q

how can the volume of the opercular pump be changed?

A

by swinging operculum in and out

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45
Q

amphibia characteristics

A

skin soft and moist, need water/moist environments, cutaneous respiration; eggs don’t have protective outer coating; have lungs as adults but gills as larva; adults use positive pressure breathing

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46
Q

what is the Anura skull made of?

A

many smaller bones w auditory capsule

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47
Q

how many vertebrae does the Anura vertebral column have?

A

9, atlas - most anterior, sacral vertebra - most posterior

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48
Q

what is the Urostyle in Anura?

A

several caudal vertebrae fused together

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49
Q

muscular anatomy characteristics in Anura

A

skeletal muscles bound by fascia into fasciculi; Fasciculi arranged in parallel to long axis of muscle; can attach to bones, cartilage, ligaments

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50
Q

what is fasciculi?

A

bundles

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50
Q

what is fascia?

A

connective tissue

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51
Q

what is flexion?

A

moves distal part of limb closer to next proximal part

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52
Q

what is extension?

A

moves distal part of limb farther to proximal part

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52
Q

what is adduction?

A

moves distal end of bone closer to median plane

53
Q

what is abduction?

A

moves distal end of bone farther from median plane

54
Q

what is the origin of a muscle?

A

stationary position

55
Q

what is the insertion of a muscle?

A

mobile position

56
Q

what is the origin of a muscle called?

A

head, can have multiple

57
Q

where are the internal nares?

A

front of mouth by vomerine teeth

58
Q

what does the Nictitating membrane do?

A

protects frogs eyes

59
Q

where is eustachian tube and what does it do?

A

back of frogs mouth, connect to ear and maintain air pressure

60
Q

where is the glottis and what does it do?

A

back of throat, controls opening to larynx and then trachea

61
Q

where is tongue in frogs?

A

attached to front of mouth

61
Q

what is the tympanic used for in frogs?

A

hearing

62
Q

what is the digestive tract of a frog?

A

Mouth → Esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → cloaca

63
Q

what does the liver and gallbladder do in frogs?

A

store bile

64
Q

where is the pancreas found in frogs?

A

in mesenteries near stomach

65
Q

frog respiratory system characteristics

A

no diaphragm, air forced into lungs under positive pressure from mouth; opening to trachea controlled by glottis

66
Q

frog circulatory system characteristics

A

3 chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle; heart is ventral and medial relative to lungs w/in pericardial sac; divided into pulmonary and systemic circuits

67
Q

what are the major arteries near the frog heart?

A

Truncus arteriosus

67
Q

what are the major veins near the frog heart?

A

precava, anterior vena cava; postcava, posterior vena cava; sinus venosus

68
Q

frog urogenital system characteristics

A

Kidneys flattened against dorsal wall w adrenal gland in center, kidneys connected to cloaca via ureters; testes/ovaries ventral to kidneys

69
Q

what is courtship behavior in frogs?

A

amplexus

70
Q

what are non-avian reptiles?

A

Reptilia w exception of birds; similar to amphibians (ectothermic tetrapods)

71
Q

what are differences of non-avian reptiles compared to amphibians?

A

tough, protective skin; more developed lungs; amniotic eggs that can be laid outside of water

72
Q

what are diapsid skulls and what do they do?

A

2 pairs of holes, provides more space for jaw muscles

73
Q

what are anapsid skulls?

A

no openings in skull

74
Q

painted turtle characteristics

A

shell derived from ribs, pectoral and pelvic girdles inside shell; omnivorous; dorsal and ventral shell

75
Q

what is the ventral shell on painted turtles called?

A

plastron

76
Q

what is the dorsal shell on painted turtles called?

A

carapace, covered in scutes

77
Q

what is the hyoid apparatus and what does it do?

A

complex of mostly fused bones that support tongue

78
Q

how are birds specialized for flight?

A

pneumatized bones, light skeleton; keratinous feather; large sternum to anchor flight muscles; all vertebrae fused except neck

79
Q

what does the gizzard do?

A

grinds food

79
Q

what does the crop do?

A

stores food

80
Q

characteristics of air flow in birds

A

have unidirectional, flow thru lungs: air inhaled into posterior air sacs then forced thru lungs from posterior to anterior

81
Q

what are down feathers and what does it do?

A

soft tufts under contours for insulation

82
Q

what is the vane of a feather?

A

broad surface

83
Q

what is the feather shaft?

A

rachis; continuation of quill that is thrust into feather follicle

84
Q

what is the vane made of?

A

barbs branching from shaft and interlocking barbules branching from barbs

85
Q

what are contour feathers?

A

external; form; when in flight they’re called flight feathers

86
Q

what are semiplume feathers for?

A

insulation and form

87
Q

what are filoplume feathers?

A

hair like, sensory role

87
Q

what bones are in a birds’ pectoral girdle?

A

scapula, coracoid, furcula

88
Q

what is the first digit of a birds’ forelimbs?

A

alula

89
Q

what is the carpometacarpusin birds?

A

fusion of some wrist bones and metacarpals

90
Q

what is the pelvic girdle in birds?

A

vertebrae and part of innominate bones fused into synsacrum

91
Q

what is a tibiotarsus?

A

tibia fused w ankle bones

91
Q

what bones are in a birds’ hindlimbs?

A

femur, tibiotarsus, fibula, tarsometatarsus

92
Q

what is a tarsometatarsus?

A

other ankle bones fused and elongated

93
Q

defining mammal traits

A

milk producing mammary glands, hair, muscular diaphragm for breathing, 4 chambered heart, young in uterus

94
Q

what groups do mammals include?

A

monotremes and Theria

95
Q

what are Monotremes?

A

egg-laying mammals

96
Q

what animals are in Eutheria?

A

placental mammals

97
Q

what animals are in Metatheria?

A

marsupials

98
Q

what groups are in Theria?

A

Metatheria, Eutheria

99
Q

Monotreme characteristics

A

oviparous, eggs have leathery shell; release milk thru mammary ducts; native to Australia and new guinea

100
Q

what does oviparous mean?

A

egg laying mammals

100
Q

marsupial characteristics

A

pouches; after short gestation period, young go to pouch and continue to develop

101
Q

Eutherian characteristics

A

gestation inside uterus, young developed at birth

102
Q

what is Order Artiodactyla?

A

even-toed hoofed animals

103
Q

what does the digastric muscle do?

A

depresses mandible

104
Q

what does the mylohyoid muscle do?

A

raises floor of mouth

105
Q

what does the masseter muscle do?

A

elevates jaw and closes mouth

106
Q

what does the sternohyoid muscle do?

A

retracts and depresses hyoid and base of tongue

107
Q

what does the sternocephalic muscle do?

A

turns or depresses head

108
Q

what does the brachiocephalic muscle do?

A

inclines or extends head

109
Q

what does the superficial pectoral muscle do?

A

adducts humerus

110
Q

what does the latissimus dorsi muscle do?

A

draws humerus upward and backward

111
Q

what does the biceps brachii muscle do?

A

flexes elbow

112
Q

what does the vastus lateralis muscle do?

A

extends shank

113
Q

what does the biceps femoris muscle do?

A

abducts and extends limb, flexes knee joint

114
Q

what does the gluteus medius muscle do?

A

abducts thigh

114
Q

what does the vastus medialis muscle do?

A

extends shank

115
Q

what does the external oblique muscle do?

A

compress abdomen, arches back

116
Q

what does the iliacus muscle do?

A

flexes hip, rotates thigh outward

116
Q

what does the psoas major muscle do?

A

flexes hip, rotates thigh outward

117
Q

what does the pectineus muscle do?

A

adducts hindlimb, flexes hip

117
Q

what does the rectus femoris muscle do?

A

extends shank

118
Q

what does the mouth of a pig include?

A

hard plate, soft plate, tongue

119
Q

what is beneath soft plate in pigs?

A

nasopharynx

120
Q

what is the digestive tract of pigs?

A

mouth → esophagus → stomach → duodenum → small intestine → large intestine (colon, rectus) → anus

120
Q

what are the organs in the female reproductive system in pigs?

A

mesovarium, ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, vagina, urogenital papillae

120
Q

the nasopharynx connects to middle ear via what in pigs?

A

eustachian tubes

120
Q

what organs are in the excretory system in pigs?

A

bladder, kidneys, rectum, ureter

120
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs in pigs?

A

liver, gallbladder, pancreas

120
Q

what does the epiglottis in the pig do?

A

flap that moves back and forth to cover/expose larynx

120
Q

what is the larynx in pigs?

A

opening to trachea

120
Q

what is urogenital papillae in pigs?

A

fleshy protuberance near opening to urogenital sinus

120
Q

what is peritoneum in pigs?

A

lines abdominal cavity

120
Q

what organs are in male reproductive syst in pigs?

A

bulbourethral gland, penis, scrotum, testis

121
Q

what does the right atrium do?

A

thin-walled; gets deoxygenated blood from postcava and precava; sends blood to right ventricle

121
Q

what does left atrium do?

A

sends oxygenated blood to left ventricle

121
Q

what does the right ventricle do?

A

pumps blood from right atrium to pulmonary arties to by oxygenated by lungs

121
Q

what does left ventricle do?

A

thick-walled; pumps blood from left atrium to aorta, which branches off into rest of systemic circuit

Animal Diversity unit 4 (2 decks)

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