AD lab practical 3 Flashcards
Phylum Chordata major synapomorphies
DHNC, endostyle (thyroid gland), notochord, pharyngeal gill slits, postanal tail
what is the Dorsal hollow nerve cord (DHNC) and what does it do?
fluid-filled dorsal nerve cord that forms central nervous system along and brain
what is the endostyle and what does it do?
secretes mucus, traps small food particles
what is the notochord?
slender rod of cartilage-like connective tissue that extends along dorsal side
what are the pharyngeal gill slits and what does it do?
series of paired slits in pharynx for water to pass to gills
what is the postanal tail and what does it do?
muscular tail that projects past anus, for moving
what is the Cerebral ganglion and what does it do?
bundle of nerves that serve as brain
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA common name
tunicates, sea squirts
SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA, CLASS ASCIDIACEA characteristics
solitary filter feeders w 2 siphons (incurrent, excurrent); tunic made of cellulose, secreted by mantle; larva have all synapomorphies, adults don’t
what is the intestine/stomach and what does it do?
connected to pharynx, for final digestion
what is the pharynx?
mesh pattern that takes up majority of body plan
what are the siphons?
incurrent - water in, excurrent - water out
SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA, GENUS BRANCHIOSTOMA common name
lancelets, amphioxus
Subphylum Cephalochordata, Genus Branchiostoma characteristics
filter feeders, basic chordate structure
what are Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)?
jawless fish
Subphylum Vertebrata: Superclass Agnatha, Class Petromysontida consists of what?
Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini)
Lampreys (Petromyzontida) and hagfish (Myxini) characteristics
anadromous lifestyle; larval ammocoetes live in sand
what does anadromous mean?
swim upstream to spawn
what are Chondrichthyes?
Cartilaginous jawed fishes
what does the Ampullae of Lorenzini do?
detects weak electrical fields
what is the subclass under Chondrichthyes and what does it consist of?
Elasmobranchii - sharks, skates, rays
Chondrichthyes charactersitics
Ampullae of Lorenzini, ovoviviparous, Rough skin contain dermal denticles, Maintain buoyancy w large oily livers
what does ovoviviparous mean?
live birth but young develop attached to yolk sac instead of placenta
where are the claspers on dogfish shark and what does it do?
in between pelvic fins to aid in mating; only in males
what are the fins on a dogfish shark?
anterior/posterior dorsal, 2 lobed caudal, pectoral, pelvic fins
what do the Spiracles and nostrils do?
allow for breathing while feeding
what is the Ilium?
contains spiral valve
what does the spiral valve do in dogfish?
slows food to endure complete digestion or absorption
what does the liver do in dogfish?
large, multilobed; contains oil for buoyancy; gallbladder on central lobe of liver
where is the spleen in dogfish sharks?
on elbow of J-shaped stomach
what is the digestive tract of a dogfish shark?
esophagus → stomach → duodenum → ilium → colon; lined w rugae
what is rugae and what does it do?
irregular ridges that increase surface area
where is the heart in a dogfish shark?
between gill slits
where is the kidney in a dogfish shark?
in dorsal body wall
where are the ovaries/testes in a dogfish shark?
dorsal side of body between pectoral fins
where is the pancreas in a dogfish shark and what does it do?
outside of duodenum, secretes enzymes to aid in digestion
what does the Rectal gland/digitiform gland in a dogfish shark do?
regulated ion balance
where is the uterus in a dogfish shark?
next to digestive tract
Class Actinopterygii characteristics
ray-finned fish; global distribution; represent largest group of verts; buoyancy maintained w swim bladder
Class Actinopterygii fin characteristics
fins contain fin rays, can have hard spines (Ctenoid) to deter predation or softer (cycloid) for propulsion
what is an Operculum?
hard covering protecting gills
where are the gills in a Perca fish?
under operculum
what is the duodenum in a Perca fish?
“S” shaped portion of intestine
what is the Pyloric ceca in a Perca fish?
fingerlike projections nestled in curves of duodenum
what is the stomach in a Perca fish?
J-shaped, leads to bend w fingerlike pyloric ceca before entering intestine
what is the swim bladder in a Perca fish and what does it do?
filled w gases; controls buoyancy
where are the gonads in a Perca fish?
visible connected to urogenital opening
respiration characteristics in fish
water movement across gills is driven by oral and opercular pumps
how can the volume of the oral pump be changed?
raising and lowering jaw and floor of mouth
what is cutaneous respiration?
using skin as respiratory organs
how can the volume of the opercular pump be changed?
by swinging operculum in and out
amphibia characteristics
skin soft and moist, need water/moist environments, cutaneous respiration; eggs don’t have protective outer coating; have lungs as adults but gills as larva; adults use positive pressure breathing
what is the Anura skull made of?
many smaller bones w auditory capsule
how many vertebrae does the Anura vertebral column have?
9, atlas - most anterior, sacral vertebra - most posterior
what is the Urostyle in Anura?
several caudal vertebrae fused together
muscular anatomy characteristics in Anura
skeletal muscles bound by fascia into fasciculi; Fasciculi arranged in parallel to long axis of muscle; can attach to bones, cartilage, ligaments
what is fasciculi?
bundles
what is fascia?
connective tissue
what is flexion?
moves distal part of limb closer to next proximal part
what is extension?
moves distal part of limb farther to proximal part
what is adduction?
moves distal end of bone closer to median plane
what is abduction?
moves distal end of bone farther from median plane
what is the origin of a muscle?
stationary position
what is the insertion of a muscle?
mobile position
what is the origin of a muscle called?
head, can have multiple
where are the internal nares?
front of mouth by vomerine teeth
what does the Nictitating membrane do?
protects frogs eyes
where is eustachian tube and what does it do?
back of frogs mouth, connect to ear and maintain air pressure
where is the glottis and what does it do?
back of throat, controls opening to larynx and then trachea
where is tongue in frogs?
attached to front of mouth
what is the tympanic used for in frogs?
hearing
what is the digestive tract of a frog?
Mouth → Esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → cloaca
what does the liver and gallbladder do in frogs?
store bile
where is the pancreas found in frogs?
in mesenteries near stomach
frog respiratory system characteristics
no diaphragm, air forced into lungs under positive pressure from mouth; opening to trachea controlled by glottis
frog circulatory system characteristics
3 chambered heart, 2 atria, 1 ventricle; heart is ventral and medial relative to lungs w/in pericardial sac; divided into pulmonary and systemic circuits
what are the major arteries near the frog heart?
Truncus arteriosus
what are the major veins near the frog heart?
precava, anterior vena cava; postcava, posterior vena cava; sinus venosus
frog urogenital system characteristics
Kidneys flattened against dorsal wall w adrenal gland in center, kidneys connected to cloaca via ureters; testes/ovaries ventral to kidneys
what is courtship behavior in frogs?
amplexus
what are non-avian reptiles?
Reptilia w exception of birds; similar to amphibians (ectothermic tetrapods)
what are differences of non-avian reptiles compared to amphibians?
tough, protective skin; more developed lungs; amniotic eggs that can be laid outside of water
what are diapsid skulls and what do they do?
2 pairs of holes, provides more space for jaw muscles
what are anapsid skulls?
no openings in skull
painted turtle characteristics
shell derived from ribs, pectoral and pelvic girdles inside shell; omnivorous; dorsal and ventral shell
what is the ventral shell on painted turtles called?
plastron
what is the dorsal shell on painted turtles called?
carapace, covered in scutes
what is the hyoid apparatus and what does it do?
complex of mostly fused bones that support tongue
how are birds specialized for flight?
pneumatized bones, light skeleton; keratinous feather; large sternum to anchor flight muscles; all vertebrae fused except neck
what does the gizzard do?
grinds food
what does the crop do?
stores food
characteristics of air flow in birds
have unidirectional, flow thru lungs: air inhaled into posterior air sacs then forced thru lungs from posterior to anterior
what are down feathers and what does it do?
soft tufts under contours for insulation
what is the vane of a feather?
broad surface
what is the feather shaft?
rachis; continuation of quill that is thrust into feather follicle
what is the vane made of?
barbs branching from shaft and interlocking barbules branching from barbs
what are contour feathers?
external; form; when in flight they’re called flight feathers
what are semiplume feathers for?
insulation and form
what are filoplume feathers?
hair like, sensory role
what bones are in a birds’ pectoral girdle?
scapula, coracoid, furcula
what is the first digit of a birds’ forelimbs?
alula
what is the carpometacarpusin birds?
fusion of some wrist bones and metacarpals
what is the pelvic girdle in birds?
vertebrae and part of innominate bones fused into synsacrum
what is a tibiotarsus?
tibia fused w ankle bones
what bones are in a birds’ hindlimbs?
femur, tibiotarsus, fibula, tarsometatarsus
what is a tarsometatarsus?
other ankle bones fused and elongated
defining mammal traits
milk producing mammary glands, hair, muscular diaphragm for breathing, 4 chambered heart, young in uterus
what groups do mammals include?
monotremes and Theria
what are Monotremes?
egg-laying mammals
what animals are in Eutheria?
placental mammals
what animals are in Metatheria?
marsupials
what groups are in Theria?
Metatheria, Eutheria
Monotreme characteristics
oviparous, eggs have leathery shell; release milk thru mammary ducts; native to Australia and new guinea
what does oviparous mean?
egg laying mammals
marsupial characteristics
pouches; after short gestation period, young go to pouch and continue to develop
Eutherian characteristics
gestation inside uterus, young developed at birth
what is Order Artiodactyla?
even-toed hoofed animals
what does the digastric muscle do?
depresses mandible
what does the mylohyoid muscle do?
raises floor of mouth
what does the masseter muscle do?
elevates jaw and closes mouth
what does the sternohyoid muscle do?
retracts and depresses hyoid and base of tongue
what does the sternocephalic muscle do?
turns or depresses head
what does the brachiocephalic muscle do?
inclines or extends head
what does the superficial pectoral muscle do?
adducts humerus
what does the latissimus dorsi muscle do?
draws humerus upward and backward
what does the biceps brachii muscle do?
flexes elbow
what does the vastus lateralis muscle do?
extends shank
what does the biceps femoris muscle do?
abducts and extends limb, flexes knee joint
what does the gluteus medius muscle do?
abducts thigh
what does the vastus medialis muscle do?
extends shank
what does the external oblique muscle do?
compress abdomen, arches back
what does the iliacus muscle do?
flexes hip, rotates thigh outward
what does the psoas major muscle do?
flexes hip, rotates thigh outward
what does the pectineus muscle do?
adducts hindlimb, flexes hip
what does the rectus femoris muscle do?
extends shank
what does the mouth of a pig include?
hard plate, soft plate, tongue
what is beneath soft plate in pigs?
nasopharynx
what is the digestive tract of pigs?
mouth → esophagus → stomach → duodenum → small intestine → large intestine (colon, rectus) → anus
what are the organs in the female reproductive system in pigs?
mesovarium, ovary, oviduct, uterine horn, vagina, urogenital papillae
the nasopharynx connects to middle ear via what in pigs?
eustachian tubes
what organs are in the excretory system in pigs?
bladder, kidneys, rectum, ureter
what are the accessory digestive organs in pigs?
liver, gallbladder, pancreas
what does the epiglottis in the pig do?
flap that moves back and forth to cover/expose larynx
what is the larynx in pigs?
opening to trachea
what is urogenital papillae in pigs?
fleshy protuberance near opening to urogenital sinus
what is peritoneum in pigs?
lines abdominal cavity
what organs are in male reproductive syst in pigs?
bulbourethral gland, penis, scrotum, testis
what does the right atrium do?
thin-walled; gets deoxygenated blood from postcava and precava; sends blood to right ventricle
what does left atrium do?
sends oxygenated blood to left ventricle
what does the right ventricle do?
pumps blood from right atrium to pulmonary arties to by oxygenated by lungs
what does left ventricle do?
thick-walled; pumps blood from left atrium to aorta, which branches off into rest of systemic circuit
