Acute Viral Hepatitis Flashcards
(83 cards)
1
Q
Comapre between hepatotropic and non hepta viruses
A
2
Q
Most serious form of viral hepatitis
A
Fulminant hepatitis
3
Q
Most common form of viral hepatitis
A
Icteric hepatitis
4
Q
Mention clinical form of hepatitis with coma jaundice bleeding
A
Fulminant
5
Q
Epidemic vital hepatitis
A
Asymptomatic
6
Q
Gastro entritis with no jaundice hepatitis
A
Anictric
7
Q
What are the hepatotropic viruses that cause acute viral hepatitis?
A
Hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E
8
Q
Which non-hepatotropic viruses are associated with acute viral hepatitis?
A
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), HSV, and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
9
Q
What is the transmission method for Hepatitis A (HAV)?
A
Feco-oral
10
Q
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis A (HAV)?
A
2-6 weeks
11
Q
What diagnostic test is used for Hepatitis A (HAV)?
A
Anti-HAV - IgM
12
Q
Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis A (HAV)?
A
Yes
13
Q
Does Hepatitis A (HAV) lead to chronicity?
A
No
14
Q
What is the treatment for Fulminant Hepatitis caused by HAV?
A
No
15
Q
What type of virus causes Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
DNA (Hepadnavirus)
16
Q
What are the transmission methods for Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
Parenteral, Sexual, Vertical
17
Q
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
2-6 months
18
Q
What diagnostic test is used for Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
Anti-HBc IgM + s Ag
19
Q
Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
Yes
20
Q
Does Hepatitis B (HBV) lead to chronicity?
A
Yes
21
Q
What is the treatment for Hepatitis B (HBV)?
A
Interferon α
22
Q
What type of virus causes Hepatitis C (HCV)?
A
RNA (Flavivirus)
23
Q
What are the transmission methods for Hepatitis C (HCV)?
A
Parenteral, Sexual, Vertical
24
Q
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis C (HCV)?
A
1-5 months
25
What diagnostic test is used for Hepatitis C (HCV)?
HCV RNA by PCR
26
Is there a vaccine available for Hepatitis C (HCV)?
No
27
Does Hepatitis C (HCV) lead to chronicity?
Yes (80% of cases)
28
What is the treatment for Hepatitis C (HCV)?
Peg-interferon
29
What is the most common form of acute hepatitis?
Icteric hepatitis
30
What are the symptoms of pre-icteric phase in icteric hepatitis?
Mild fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia
31
What characterizes the icteric phase of icteric hepatitis?
Jaundice appears, liver is enlarged and tender, dark urine
32
What occurs during the convalescence phase of icteric hepatitis?
Liver decreases in size, jaundice gradually fades
33
What characterizes anicteric hepatitis?
No jaundice, common in infancy, symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, colics, anorexia
34
What symptoms are associated with cholestatic hepatitis?
Jaundice, itching, clay-colored stool
35
What is the most serious form of acute hepatitis?
Fulminant hepatitis
36
What are the key presentations of fulminant hepatitis?
Bleeding, progressive jaundice, coma
37
What is the mortality rate associated with fulminant hepatitis caused by HBV and HDV?
70%
38
What are the common symptoms of Hepatitis A?
Mild fever, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, or may be asymptomatic, or picture of icteric hepatitis
## Footnote
Icteric hepatitis refers to jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes due to bilirubin accumulation.
39
What is a complication of Hepatitis A?
Cholestasis (clay-colored stools)
## Footnote
Cholestasis is a condition characterized by impaired bile flow.
40
How do Hepatitis B and C often present clinically?
Asymptomatic in many cases
## Footnote
Hepatitis B and C can show similar symptoms to Hepatitis A but often go unnoticed.
41
What are the potential complications of Hepatitis B and C?
* Chronic hepatitis
* Cirrhosis
* Carcinoma
* End stage liver disease
* Fulminant hepatitis with B & D infections
## Footnote
Fulminant hepatitis is a rapid and severe form of hepatitis.
42
What are the modes of transmission for HBV?
* Perinatal transmission from carrier mothers
* Blood transfusions
* Needle stick injuries
* Biting insects
* Renal dialysis
* Horizontal spread within families
## Footnote
Perinatal transmission is often referred to as vertical transmission.
43
What is the nature of the Hepatitis D virus (HDV)?
A defective RNA virus that depends on hepatitis B virus for replication
## Footnote
HDV can cause acute exacerbation of Hepatitis B virus.
44
What are the diagnostic investigations for acute hepatitis focused on?
Diagnosing liver cell injury
## Footnote
Investigations typically include liver function tests and bilirubin levels.
45
What indicates liver cell injury in hepatitis diagnostics?
* Increased bilirubin (Direct or Mixed Hyperbilirubinemia)
* Raised liver enzymes: AST and ALT (usually increased from 10 folds)
* Prolonged Prothrombin Time (normal 12 - 14 seconds)
## Footnote
AST is Aspartate aminotransferase and ALT is Alanine aminotransferase.
46
What are the indicators of acute liver cell failure?
* Increased bilirubin (Total 'early' & Direct 'late')
* Raised liver enzymes (AST and ALT usually increased from 10 - 100 folds)
* High International Normalized Ratio (INR) > 2 not corrected by Vitamin K
* Blood ammonia level > 150 mcg/dl
* Serum albumin < 3 gm/dl
* Electrolyte disturbances (Hypoglycemia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis)
## Footnote
Encephalopathy is a condition that affects the brain, often seen in severe liver failure.
47
True or False: Hepatitis D virus can cause an acute exacerbation of Hepatitis C.
False
## Footnote
HDV specifically requires HBV for its replication.
48
Fill in the blank: The prolonged Prothrombin Time in acute liver failure is typically _______.
> 2 not corrected by Vitamin K
## Footnote
Prothrombin Time is a measure of how well and how quickly your blood clots.
49
What imaging study can demonstrate cerebral edema in acute hepatic encephalopathy?
CT scan
## Footnote
Cerebral edema is swelling in the brain, which can occur due to severe liver dysfunction.
50
What are the common electrolyte disturbances in acute liver failure?
* Hypoglycemia
* Hyponatremia
* Hypokalemia
* Metabolic acidosis
## Footnote
These disturbances can lead to various complications and symptoms in patients.
51
What is the incubation period for Hepatitis B?
Variable, typically 30 to 180 days
## Footnote
The incubation period can vary significantly among individuals.
52
What does HBsAg indicate?
Infection
## Footnote
HBsAg stands for Hepatitis B surface antigen.
53
What are the three antigens associated with Hepatitis B?
* HBsAg (Surface antigen)
* HBeAg (Envelope antigen)
* HBcAg (Core antigen)
## Footnote
HBcAg is not present in blood, only in liver biopsies.
54
What does the presence of HBeAg indicate?
High infectivity
## Footnote
HBeAg indicates that the virus is actively replicating.
55
What are the antibodies associated with Hepatitis B recovery?
* Anti-HBs (surface antibodies)
* Anti-HBc IgG (core antibodies)
## Footnote
These antibodies indicate immunity after recovery.
56
What does Anti-HBc IgM indicate?
Acute (recent) infection
## Footnote
Anti-HBc IgM is typically present during the initial phase of infection.
57
What are the markers for Hepatitis A acute infection?
IgM antibodies to hepatitis A (anti-HAV IgM)
## Footnote
This indicates a recent infection with Hepatitis A.
58
What is the primary method to detect Hepatitis C?
Anti-HCV antibodies
## Footnote
These antibodies indicate exposure to the Hepatitis C virus.
59
What does a quantitative PCR test measure in Hepatitis C?
Viral load
## Footnote
This test is used to assess the treatment effect.
60
What indicates recovery or immunity from Hepatitis A?
IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (anti-HAV IgG)
## Footnote
There is no chronicity associated with Hepatitis A.
61
What is the window period in Hepatitis B?
Equivalence zone
## Footnote
This period occurs when neither HBsAg nor Anti-HBs are detectable.
62
True or False: Hepatitis D virus is a defective virus that depends on Hepatitis B virus.
True
## Footnote
Hepatitis D cannot replicate without the presence of Hepatitis B.
63
What type of virus is Hepatitis B?
Partially double-stranded DNA virus
## Footnote
This structure is significant for its replication and infection mechanisms.
64
What is the primary method of case isolation for Hepatitis A?
From school or work during the infectivity period, 7 days after onset of jaundice.
65
What are two important hygienic measures to prevent Hepatitis A?
Hand washing after changing diapers and before preparing food.
66
What are the primary sources of transmission for Hepatitis B and C?
Blood borne.
67
What screening is recommended for blood and blood products in relation to Hepatitis B and C?
Screening of blood & blood products like plasma, cryo, and platelets.
68
What is the recommended practice for syringes to prevent Hepatitis transmission?
Use of disposable syringes (used once).
69
Who should be screened for HBsAg and HCV antibody?
Pregnant mothers.
70
What vaccinations are available for Hepatitis A?
Potent Inactivated Hepatitis A vaccine (Noncompulsory) with 2 doses, 6 months apart.
71
What is the prophylaxis for Hepatitis A if vaccinated within 2 weeks of illness?
Immunoglobulin IM.
72
What is the vaccination schedule for infants born to HBV positive mothers?
Both Vaccine & Immunoglobulins at birth.
73
What is the dosage of anti-HBV immunoglobulins for exposure to needle sticks?
0.06 ml/kg IM.
74
What supportive measures are recommended for patients with hepatitis?
Bed rest, proper nutrition (low fat & protein diet), avoid hepatotoxic drugs, symptomatic treatment.
75
What symptomatic treatment is suggested for fever and vomiting in hepatitis patients?
Paracetamol.
76
True or False: There is a vaccine available for Hepatitis C.
False.
77
What is the vaccination requirement for Hepatitis D?
Vaccination against Hepatitis B.
78
When hepatitis is more likely mild fever and anorexia so it may be
Hepatitis a
79
Fluctuating liver enzymes in hepatitis
Hcv
80
Mention diagnostic inv for fulminant hepatitis
81
How to differentiate between hepatitis b vaccine and infection
Ab against core ag
82
Metion the antibodies during acute, chronic , recovery from infection
83
How to detect HBag c
By liver biopsy not present in blood
