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PHARMACOLOGY > ACUTE POISONING > Flashcards

ACUTE POISONING Flashcards

1
Q

Acetaminophen poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Excessive production of the toxic metabolite NAPQI depletes glutathione, leading to hepatotoxicity.

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2
Q

Acetaminophen poisoning - Antidote

A

N-acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione stores).

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3
Q

Salicylate (Aspirin) poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and stimulates respiratory centers, leading to mixed respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis.

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4
Q

Salicylate (Aspirin) poisoning - Antidote

A

Activated charcoal (early), sodium bicarbonate (to alkalinize urine), hemodialysis (severe cases).

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5
Q

Opioid poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Activates opioid receptors causing CNS and respiratory depression.

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6
Q

Opioid poisoning - Antidote

A

Naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist).

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7
Q

Benzodiazepine poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Enhances GABA activity, causing sedation and respiratory depression.

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8
Q

Benzodiazepine poisoning - Antidote

A

Flumazenil (GABA receptor antagonist; use with caution due to seizure risk).

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9
Q

Organophosphate poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits acetylcholinesterase, causing accumulation of acetylcholine and cholinergic symptoms.

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10
Q

Organophosphate poisoning - Antidote

A

Atropine (blocks muscarinic effects) and pralidoxime (reactivates acetylcholinesterase).

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11
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Binds to hemoglobin with higher affinity than oxygen, reducing oxygen delivery to tissues.

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12
Q

Carbon monoxide poisoning - Antidote

A

100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

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13
Q

Cyanide poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, blocking cellular respiration and causing hypoxia at the cellular level.

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14
Q

Cyanide poisoning - Antidote

A

Hydroxocobalamin, sodium thiosulfate, or amyl nitrite (forms methemoglobin to bind cyanide).

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15
Q

Methanol poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Metabolism to formic acid causes metabolic acidosis and optic nerve damage.

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16
Q

Methanol poisoning - Antidote

A

Fomepizole or ethanol (inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase), bicarbonate (for acidosis), and folinic acid.

17
Q

Ethylene glycol poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Metabolism to glycolic and oxalic acid causes metabolic acidosis and renal toxicity.

18
Q

Ethylene glycol poisoning - Antidote

A

Fomepizole or ethanol (inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase), bicarbonate, and thiamine or pyridoxine.

19
Q

Beta-blocker poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, causing bradycardia, hypotension, and hypoglycemia.

20
Q

Beta-blocker poisoning - Antidote

A

Glucagon (stimulates cAMP independent of beta-receptors), atropine, or inotropes like dopamine.

21
Q

Calcium channel blocker poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits calcium influx in cardiac and vascular smooth muscle, leading to bradycardia and hypotension.

22
Q

Calcium channel blocker poisoning - Antidote

A

Calcium gluconate, high-dose insulin with glucose, and vasopressors.

23
Q

Digoxin poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits Na+/K+-ATPase, increasing intracellular calcium and leading to arrhythmias.

24
Q

Digoxin poisoning - Antidote

A

Digoxin-specific antibody fragments (Digibind) and supportive care (e.g., potassium normalization).

25
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits sodium channels, causing arrhythmias, and blocks muscarinic and adrenergic receptors.

26
Q

Tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) poisoning - Antidote

A

Sodium bicarbonate (for cardiac toxicity) and supportive care.

27
Q

Iron poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Generates free radicals causing oxidative damage and metabolic acidosis.

28
Q

Iron poisoning - Antidote

A

Deferoxamine (chelates iron).

29
Q

Heparin overdose - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Excessive anticoagulation leading to bleeding.

30
Q

Heparin overdose - Antidote

A

Protamine sulfate (binds and neutralizes heparin).

31
Q

Warfarin overdose - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors causing excessive bleeding.

32
Q

Warfarin overdose - Antidote

A

Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma, or prothrombin complex concentrates.

33
Q

Theophylline poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Causes excessive stimulation of the CNS and cardiovascular system via phosphodiesterase inhibition.

34
Q

Theophylline poisoning - Antidote

A

Activated charcoal (early), beta-blockers for arrhythmias, and benzodiazepines for seizures.

35
Q

Hydrofluoric acid poisoning - Mechanism of toxicity

A

Causes tissue damage and binds calcium, leading to hypocalcemia and systemic toxicity.

36
Q

Hydrofluoric acid poisoning - Antidote

A

Calcium gluconate (topical or intravenous).

PHARMACOLOGY (2 decks)

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