Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Critical care > Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease > Flashcards

Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what is AKI? AND what is it characterized as?

A

acute kidney injury is a rapid loss of kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is BUN? and its range?

A

this is to see how well kidneys and liver are working, it measures amount of nitrogen
 7 to 20 mg/dL (2.5 to 7.1 mmol/L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does a high creatinine represent?

A. Telling us that the body needs more protein
B. Too much sodium in the blood
C. Nothing, it is good
D. Warning of a possible malfunction or kidney failure

A

warning us of possible malfunction or failure of kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

more protein gives you more?

A

amonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is ammonia?

A

is a waste product made by your body during the digestion of protein. Normally, ammonia is processed in the liver, where it is changed into another waste product called urea. Urea is passed through the body in urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the purpose of the Glomerular filtration rate?

A

Is the rate that is filtering stuff into the bowmens capsule.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

GFR end product?

A

if things are low in the GFR than the waste product is higher in the body. Because not alot is being filtered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Characteristics of ARF

A

functionality:
- decrease GFR
- decrease in urine output
result= increase urea and Cr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is azotemia?

A

it is the accumulation of waste products (nitrogen and Creatinine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is acute kidney injury?

A

loss in kidney function and an has progressive azotemia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)?

A

is a vasopressin

its a hormone that helps manage amount of water in your body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Aldosterone

A

is a steroid hormone

it helps regulate salt and water in the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the causes of intrarenal?

A 
results from
- prolonged ischemia
-nephrotoxins
-hemoglobin released from hemolyzed RBC's
myoglobin released from necrotic muscle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is Intra-renal (intrinsic)?

A

the direct cause direct damage to the kidney tissues, result in an impaired nephron function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is myoglobin?

A

functions as an oxygen-storage unit, providing oxygen to the working muscles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is hemoglobin?

A. protein molecule that measures how much RBC is in a persons blood.
B. Determine its blood percentage of cells
C. Protein molecule in the RBC that carries oxygen from the lungs to body tissue
D. higher than normal hematocrit can indicate: Dehydration.

A

protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body’s tissues and returns carbon dioxide from the tissues back to the lungs.

A & D= higher than normal hematocrit can indicate: Dehydration. It is from hematocrit not hemoglobin. Also, measure the red blood cells in a person’s blood. Red blood cells (erythrocytes) are important because they carry oxygen through your body. A low or high red blood cell count can indicate a medical condition or disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is ischemia?

A

blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are nephrotoxins?

A

is a toxic agent or substance that inhibits, damages or destroys the cells and/or tissues of the kidneys. This is an example of a cytotoxin. The adjective form is nephrotoxic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is post renal?

A

obstruction of outflow of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the most common type of post-renal?

A

benign prostate hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is bilateral ureteral obstruction and what can it lead to?

A

Hydronephrosis, an increase of hydrostatic pressure and tubular blockage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

is post renal of AKI reversible? if so, what is the time frame?

A

the bilateral obstruction must be relieved within 48 hours of onset.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the urine output level to be considered Oliguric phase?

A

less than 400 mL/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does Oliguric mean?

A

the production of abnormally small amounts of urine.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

signs and symptoms of AKI

A

Signs and symptoms of AKI include:

decreased urine output (although occasionally, urine output remains normal)
chest pain or pressure
jugular vein distention
fluid retention, causing edematous legs, ankles, or feet
shortness of breath
confusion
nausea
seizures or coma in severe cases
26
Q

Oliguric phase

A

urine output decreases from renal tubule damage (anuria).

27
Q

Diuretic phase

A

The kidneys try to heal and urine output increases, but tubule scarring and damage occur.

28
Q

recovery phase

A

Tubular edema resolves and renal function improves

29
Q

what is Hypovolemia?

A

decrease in the volume of blood in your body, which can be due to blood loss or loss of body fluids

30
Q

The onset of hypovolemia?

A

the mouth, nose, and other mucous membranes dry out, the skin loses its elasticity, and urine output decreases.

31
Q

what happens when your fluid/blood volume continues to lose the ability to compensate?

A

Hypovolemic shock occurs. Blood pressure drops. At this point, the heart is unable to pump enough blood to vital organs to meet their needs and tissue damage is likely to occur.

32
Q

signs and symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

A

Symptoms may include cold, clammy skin, paleness, rapid breathing and heart rate, weakness, decreased or absent urine output, sweating, anxiety, confusion, and unconsciousness.

33
Q

normal urine output

A

800 to 2000 mL per day

34
Q

what is the daily urine output for the diuretic phase?

A

1 to 3 but may reach 5 L a day

35
Q

what is high blood pressure and what is its range?

A

range: > 120 systolic and < 80 diastolic

36
Q

signs and symptoms of HTN

A 
headaches
shortness of breath
nosebleeds
flushing
dizziness
chest pain
visual changes
blood in the urine
37
Q

uncontrolled/complications of HTN

A 
MI
STROKE
aneurysm
HF
metabolic syndrome
memory
dementia
38
Q

Signs & symptoms of low blood pressure?

A 
Dizziness or lightheadedness
Fainting
Blurred or fading vision
Nausea
Fatigue
Lack of concentration
39
Q

Extreme hypotension

A

Shock

Signs and symptoms include:

Confusion, especially in older people
Cold, clammy, pale skin
Rapid, shallow breathing
Weak and rapid pulse

40
Q

How much should an adult void in a day?

A

1-2L /day

41
Q

Creatinine normal values?

A

0.6-1.20 mg/dL

42
Q

where is Cr solely filtered from?

A

From the blood via the glomerulus

43
Q

True or False; Cr is absorbed and/or secreted in nephron.

A

False; it is NOT secreted or reabsorbed in the nephron

44
Q

what is Cr clearance?

A

is the amount of blood in the kidney that makes per minute that should be free of Cr.

45
Q

what is the purpose of the GFR?

a. the amount of blood that is reabsorbed in the nephron
b. is the recovery phase
c. rate of blood flow through your kidneys
d. prevent urine from draining.

A

C. the rate of blood flow through your kidneys because it is telling us how well the glomerulus is filtering the blood.

46
Q

what is the normal value for GFR? how is it determined?

A

Determine by, age, race, gender, weight.

normal values: 90 mL/min or higher

47
Q

True or False.

Rate of GFR at 50 mL/min, is expected to properly filtering the blood.

A

False. because the normal value of GFR is 90 mL/min.

when it is that low, patient urinary output will be low and may experience Oliguria. The urine will be concentrated because the glomerular is not filtering the amount of blood it should, which will increase water in blood.

48
Q

what happens to our body when we have a lot of water in the blood? (select all that apply)

a. Hypertention
b. Hyperkalemia
c. Edema
d. Swelling
e. anuria

A

HTN, Edema, and swelling

49
Q

What happens when there is a buildup of waste in our blood?

a. hypokalemia
b. BUN increases
c. Azotemia
d. Hyperkalemia

A

When there is a buildup of waste in the blood, the patient will experience azotemia. The patient will enter metabolic acidosis state because they’re not able to excrete hydrogen ions, decrease in bi-carb.

50
Q

Due to the imbalance of electrolytes, which electrolytes will you see in your lab? (select all that apply)

a. Hypokalemia
b. Hyperkalemia
c. hyperphosphatemia
d. hypercalemia
e. hypocalcemia

A

the electrolytes you will see are:

Hyperkalemia
hyperphosphatemia
hypocalcemia

51
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of Hyperkalemia? (select all that apply)

a. Muscle weakness
b. N/V
c. SOB
d. anuria
e. Oliguria

A

Muscle weakness, N/V, and SOB

52
Q

what are some health problems interfere with how potassium moves out of the body’s cells?

a. Cushing’s syndrome (too much cortisol in your body for too long)
b. A tumor in your pituitary gland.
c. Bartter syndrome (defect in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle)
d. Rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue), uncontrolled diabetes, and hemolysis (breakdown of RBC)

A

d. Rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of muscle tissue), uncontrolled diabetes, and hemolysis (breakdown of RBC)

All the other answers are syndromes can be associated with low potassium.

53
Q

In the Olguria phase, will you see a decrease or increase GFR? why?

A

You will see a decrease in GFR in your lab because the glomerular has decrease its ability to function and filter blood, so you will see urine output of <400 ml/day.

54
Q

The patient is at risk for what type of acute kidney injury, when they have a GI bleed?

  1. Prerenal
  2. Intrarenal
  3. Post renal
  4. Recovery phase
A
  1. Prerenal.
    The patient is losing blood volume, therefore will decrease perfusion to the kidneys.

recovery phase, is not apart of the 3 causes of ARF. It is apart of the phases of ARF.

55
Q

what happens when your body has an increase of fluid amount in your body? (select all that apply)

a. Urinary Tract obstruction
b. Edema
c. HTN
d. Risk for pulmonary issues
e. Swelling

A

Edema, HTN, Risk for pulmonary issues, and swelling.

Urinary tract obstruction is seen in anuria patients. There is no urine output or <100 ml/day.

56
Q

what are the nursing interventions for increase of fluid in the body?

A

monitor I & O
listen for lung sounds
monitor their O2 stat levels

57
Q

what is metabolic acidosis? and what are the signs and symptoms of it?

A

Metabolic acidosis starts in the kidneys instead of the lungs. It occurs when they can’t eliminate enough acid or when they get rid of too much base.

58
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis? select all that apply)

a. confusion
b. sleepiness
c. HA
d. Fatigue

A

all of them

59
Q

what are the nursing interventions for oliguria phase? select all that apply.

a. safety
b. protein diet consumption
c. electrolyte imbalances (Na)
d. monitor I & O’s

A
  • Safety (d/t confusion)
  • Protein diet consumption (high protein leads to more break down of urea in blood)
  • monitor I & O for fluid excess in body (d/t not excreting enough urine out the body)

Na, will be mild which is expected, BUT you want to watch for hyperkalemia.

60
Q

How do you bring down hyperkalemia?

A

MD may prescribe Kayexalate

61
Q

what should you expect to see on the ECG for hyperkalemia?

a. Peak T waves, inverse QRS complex and Prolonged PR intervals
b. Tall T waves, wide QRS complex, short PR intervals

C. Prolonged Pr intervals, wide QRS complexes, Peak T waves

D. elevated PR intervals and QRS complex, and inverse T waves

A

Prolonged PR interval, Wide QRS complex and Peaked / Tall T-waves

62
Q

what does Systemic vascular resistance mean? (SVR)

A

used to create blood pressure, the flow of blood, and is also a component of cardiac function. When blood vessels constrict (vasoconstriction) this leads to an increase in SVR

Critical care (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions