Acute Inflammation And Cardinal Manifestations Of Disease Flashcards
What is the first line of defense?
Skin and mucous membranes, tears, saliva, gut flora, and stomach acid
What is the second line of defense?
Inflammatory response that is not specific to injury and acute inflammation
What is the third line of defense?
The immune system
What is etiology
Cause
What are some etiologies of acute inflammation
Microorganisms, hypoxia/ischemia, nutritional deficiencies, trauma/surgery, radiation, caustic chemicals, and extreme heat/cold
What are the 2 major components of acute inflammation?
Vascular response and cellular response
What happens in vascular response?
Increased blood flow to injury site and increased blood vessel permeability at the injury site
What is the function of the cellular response?
Removal of offending agent and damaged tissue
Why is the vascular response important in inflammation?
It enables cells in the body responsible for clotting, tissue repair, and immunity to travel to the site of injury
What are the specific physiological phenomenon that occur in the vascular response
-transient vasoconstriction
vasodilation to increase blood flow to the area and enhance transport of blood and cells
-the endothelial cells lining vessels contract to increase the permeability
-increased permeability allows plasma and cells to travel into the injured tissue
-exudation of fluid dilutes the offending agent
-flow in vessels decreases to slow the spread of offending agent
-clotting elements move to the injury site
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Continuous capillaries- most common type
Fenestrated capillaries- little holes, present in endocrine organs, intestinal walls, and choroid plexus
Sinusoids- big gaps to let bigger cells out, present in bone marrow, liver, and spleen
What are the three major patterns of vascular responses?
Immediate transient, immediate sustained, and delayed hemodynamic
When does an immediate transient vascular response occur?
Following a minor injury, resolves quickly
When does a immediate sustained pattern of vascular response occur?
Following a major injury, lasts longer
When does a delayed hemodynamic pattern of vascular response occur?
4-24 hours after an injury
What occurs during the cellular response?
Phagocytic white blood cells move into the injury site (granulocytes and monocytes)
What are the four steps of cellular response?
Margination/adhesion, migration (diapedesis), chemotaxis, and phagocytosis
What specifically happens in margination/adhesion?
Chemical mediators (cytokines) are released, adhesion molecules (selectins) are expressed, leukocytes slow migration and begin marginating (pavementing), and adhere to the cell wall
What happens during migration?
Leukocytes extend pseudopods and pass through the capillary wall via an ameboid movement
What happens during chemotaxis?
Leukocytes travel through the tissue to the site of injury. Cytokines draw cells towards site and complement proteins bind to the bad cells to tag
What happens during phagocytosis?
Leukocytes recognize and attach through opsonization. Then they engulf and intracellularly kill the harmful agent
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontiersin.org%2Farticles%2F10.3389%2Ffimmu.2021.767175%2Ffull&psig=AOvVaw13QPe2PilqxWh8NpBuGb2p&ust=1673977800236000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCKiI_bLTzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAN
What type of cell is this?
Neutrophil
Which WBC is the “first responder”
Neutrophils
When do neutrophils arrive and how long can they survive in the tissue?
90 minutes and they can survive for 10 hrs
What is the name of the condition of elevated WBC count?
Leukocytosis
What are immature forms of neutrophils called?
Bands or left shift
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkimls.org%2Fqapeduhsm-neutb.htm&psig=AOvVaw2zs2Ak_gvp5cf0cki40ott&ust=1673978197334000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCJj5ofDUzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP
What type of cell is this?
A band
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hkimls.org%2Fqapeduhsm-lyml.htm&psig=AOvVaw0I8vm-zRi4JlkMR_sckaWi&ust=1673978425304000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCKDb69zVzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAj
Which cell is this?
Lymphocyte
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.verywellhealth.com%2Fpolymorphonuclear-leukocyte-2252099&psig=AOvVaw1fIfhkV54AthHEtnolgaEH&ust=1673978607428000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCIi87bPWzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
What cell type is this?
PMN neutrophil
https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fimagebank.hematology.org%2Fimage%2F3598%2Fmonocytes–4%3Ftype%3Dupload&psig=AOvVaw3MzHtjhdseAVeO-zz-i04D&ust=1673978686428000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CA8QjRxqFwoTCIiCuNnWzPwCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
What cell type is this?
Monocyte (kidney shaped nucleus)
What are eosinophils active in?
Allergic reactions and parasitic infections. They are responsive to IgE
What are the 3 types of granulocytes
Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
What is the function of basophils?
They are active in inflammation and allergic reactions. They release histamine and they bond with IgE
What is the function and location of mast cells?
Found in connective tissue, similar to basophils. They are on mucosal surfaces-lung, GI tract, and dermis.
They are always ready in a “sentinel position” and are active in allergic reaction (IgE) and parasitic infections
What is the largest WBC?
Monocyte
What role do monocytes play?
They have a long lifespan and arrive 24 hours after injury to become the predominant cell type 48 hours after injury. They engulf larger and greater quantities of foreign material than neutrophils and play a role in adaptive response
What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage
A monocyte is in the blood and a macrophage is in tissue. Otherwise they are closely related
What is the common name of an erythrocyte and what role do they play??
Red blood cell, transport of oxygen to tissues
What is the common name of a thrombocyte and what role do they play?
Platelet, helps to mediate the vascular response, hemostasis and thrombosis. Release inflammatory mediators
What is the role of endothelial cells?
Synthesize and release inflammatory mediators and play role in vascular response
Which cell is the “street cop”
Neutrophil, rapid response
Which cell is the “fumigator” and why?
Eosinophil, kills parasites
Which cell is the “fireman” and why?
Basophil, inflammation
Which cell is the “riot police” and why?
Macrophage, longer lasting
Which cell is the “signal man” and why?
Dendritic cell, relays info
Which cell is the “special forces” and why?
Lymphocytes (B and T cells), specific targeted response
What is the role of inflammatory mediators?
Modify and enhance inflammatory response
What are the 6 types of inflammatory mediators?
Plasma proteins, histamine, interleukin and other cytokines, platelet activating factor, prostaglandins, leukotrienes
What are the three types of plasma proteins?
Complement system, kinins, and clotting system
What is the most important kinin?
Bradykinin
What are the functions of kinins?
Vasodilation and vascular permeability, smooth muscle contraction, pain response.
What breaks down kinins?
Kininase and angiotensin-converting enzyme
What is the function of the clotting system?
Expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, production of prostaglandins, PAF, and chemokines
What is the key protease in the clotting process?
Thrombin