Acute inflammation

Question 1

What are the causes of Acute inflammation ?

Answer 1

Infection, Allergic reactions, Trauma and Tissue Necrosis

Question 2

The 5 characteristics of Acute Inflammation

Answer 2

Rubor, Tumour , Calor, Dolor and Loss of function

Question 3

Steps in Acute Inflammation

Answer 3

1. Vasoconstriction
2. Vasodilation
3. Endothelial Permeability
4. Increased RBC and Blood flow - Stasis of blood at the

Question 4

What are the mediators of Vasodilation

Answer 4

Histamine - Present in granules of Mast Cells , Eosinophils and Platelets
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin

Question 5

Mediators of Permeability

Answer 5

Bradykinin
Prostaglandins- Blocked by NSAIDs and Thromboxane
Histamine

Question 6

Changes in tissue

Answer 6

1. Increase Blood flow
2. Formation of Exudate
3. Neutrophil Emigration

Question 7

What is Aspirin doing in the body

Answer 7

Inhibition of enzyme of Cyclo-Oxygenase which makes Prostaglandins- Fever
Thromboxane A2- pro-clotting

Question 8

What the forces on the vessel that produce Exudate

Answer 8

Starling’s Law-
The Hydrostatic of the blood forcing out
The plasma colloid pressure forcing back in- vessel permeability due to gaps in endothelial cells.

Question 9

Local complications of acute inflammation

Answer 9

Damage to normal tissue - degranulation during Phagocytosis
Obstruction of tubes
Loss of fluid - burns
Pain and loss of function

Question 10

Systemic Complication of Acute Inflammation

Answer 10

Fever- TNF and IL-6 cytokines
Leucocytosis
Acute Phase response- C3 complement , Protein synthesis changes e.g. CRP , Aplha1 AntiTryspin
Shock- Failure of circulation

Question 11

What happens in the Resolution of Acute inflammation

Answer 11

Mediators have short half life - Draining back to lymphatic/ Venules . neutrophils - apoptosis, pararencymal tissue repaired
Chronic inflammation - fibrous scar
Abcess

Question 12

What are the stages of Lobar Pneumonia?

Answer 12

1. congestion - heavy , red and boggy . Serous Exudate
2. Red hepatisation - Few days . Liver like and alveolar space has neutrophils, rbc and fibrin. Pus on Pleura
3. Grey Hepatisation- Tissue dry , grey and fimr . RBC lysed
4. Resolution - Exudate is digested and basic architecture is kept.

Question 13

What are the stains for Histology ?

Answer 13

hematoxylin - Pink for DNA and eosin- purple CT

Question 14

Pathogenesis of Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficency

Answer 14

Protease which breaks down the portiens released by neutrophils
Cirrhosis, Emphysema

Question 15

Chronic Granulomatous disease

Answer 15

Phagocytes can not produce the Superoxide ROS - Respiratory burst leads to chronic infections