Acute Inflamation

Question 1

What are the three Proteases (plasma proteins produced in the liver):

Answer 1

– Complement system (present in inactive forms,activated by proteolytic enzymes) e.g. C3a, C5a
– Kinin system (generates vasoactive peptides
from plasma proteins called kininogens
e.g.bradykinin causes increased vascular
permeability, dilatation of blood vessels and
pain)
– Coagulation/fibrinolytic systemresults in
formation of fibrin, also activates complement
and kinin systems

Question 2

What is leucocytosis

Answer 2

Increased white cell count - mostly likely caused by viral

Question 3

What are Vasoactive amines

Answer 3

– e.g. histamine, preformed in cells
– released from mast cells, basophils and platelets
– in response to many stimuli e.g.physical damage, immunologic reactions, C3a, C5a, IL-1, factors
from neutrophils and platelets
– Causes: vascular dilatation, transient increase in
vascular permeability and pain; mediates
immediate early response

Question 4

What are 5 major causes of acute inflammation

Answer 4

Microbial infection 
Acute phase hypersensitivity reactions 
Physical agents
Chemicals
Tissue necrosis 
Foreign bodies

Question 5

What are the 5 Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

Answer 5

Rubor - redness 
Tumour - swelling
Color - heat 
Dolor - pain 
Loss of function

Question 6

What are three tissues changes in acute inflammation

Answer 6

Vascular flow
Neutrophil emigration
Formation of fluid exudate

Question 7

Give three examples of inherited disorders of acute inflammation process

Answer 7

Angio-oedema
Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency
Chronic granulomatous disease

Question 8

6 summary stages of neutrophil role

Answer 8

Chemotaxis
Activation
Marination
Diapedesis
Recognition-attachment 
Phagocytosis 
Killing 
- oxygen dependent (oxygen free radicals) 
- oxygen independent (enzymes proteases, phospholipases)

Question 9

Name three phases and their mediators of acute inflammation

Answer 9

Vasodilation - histamine, C3a, C5a

Increased vascular perm - histamine, prostaglandin, kinins

Emigration of leukocyte - leukotrienes, IL8, C5a

Question 10

What are 4 local complications of acute inflammation

Answer 10

Damage to normal cells
Obstruction of tubes
Loss of fluid
Pain and loss of functions

Question 11

What are 4 systematic effects of acute inflammation and their causes

Answer 11

Fever - endogenous pyrogens like IL1 and TNFalpha

Leukocytosis - IL1 and TNFalpha produce accelerate release from marrow. Macrophages, t lymph produce colony-stim factors

Acute phase response - CRP, fibrinogen and alpha1-antitrypsin cause decreased appetite, raised HR and alt sleep patterns

Question 12

What are the 4 types of exudate

Answer 12

Pus / abscess
Haemorrhagic
Serous
Fibrinous