Acute & Chronic Inflammation (Daniels) Flashcards
What are the 3 purposes of inflammation?
Contain, neutralize, remove
What is inflammation?
Defensive host response to foreign invaders and necrotic tissue that is also capable of causing tissue damage itself.
What are the 3 elements at play in inflammation?
Blood vessels, cells, humoral factors
What are the 5 events involving blood vessels during inflammation?
Transient vasoconstriction Vasodilation Blood stasis Increased venule permeability Edema
What are the 2 events involving cells during inflammation?
Protein exits vessels (dec. IV osmotic pressure, inc. IV hydrostatic pressure)
Endothelial gaps form at intercellular junctions (immediate transient response)
What humoral factors are involved during inflammation?
Histamine (gaps), bradykinin, leukotrienes, substance P
Which kind of inflammation is a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, serving to destroy, dilute, or wall off both the injurous agent and injured tissue?
Acute inflammation
What kind of infiltrate will you encounter with acute inflammation?
Mainly neutrophils
What stimulates acute inflammation?
Infections - bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic
Microbial toxins
Tissue necrosis - ischemia, trauma, physical/chemical injury
Foreign bodies
Immune reactions (hypersensitivity)
What are the main components of acute inflammation?
Vasodilation
Vascular leakage & edema
Leukocyte emigration to extravascular tissues
Which kind of inflammation is of prolonged duration (weeks or months) and has active inflammation, tissue destruction, and attempts at repair happening simultaneously?
Chronic inflammation
What stimulates chronic inflammation?
Persistent infections (AFB, fungi, treponemes) Prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents Autoimmunity
What kind of infiltrate will you encounter with chronic inflammation?
Mononuclear cells - macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
What are characteristics of chronic inflammation?
Mononuclear cell infiltrate - especially macrophages
Tissue destruction
Repair involving angiogenesis and fibrosis
What are key macrophage events in chronic inflammation?
Recruitment from circulation
Local proliferation
Immobilization
Differentiation
Macrophages have specific names when they come from specific parts of the body. What are these names, and what part of the body do these cells come from?
Brain - microglia
Liver - Kupffer
Lung - alveolar macrophage
Bone - osteoclast
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Heat/Calor Redness/Rubor Swelling/Tumor Pain/Dolar Loss of function/Funtio laesa
What event happens at each cardinal sign of inflammation?
Calor - vasodilation Rubor - vasodilation Tumor - vascular permeability Dolar - mediator release/PMNs Functio laesa - loss of function
An abnormal excess accumulation of serous fluid in connective tissue or in a serous cavity.
Edema
Excess blood in a body part (as from an increased flow of blood due to vasodilation)
Hyperemia
A break in skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue, disintegration and necrosis of epithelial tissue, and often pus.
Ulcer
Any class of immunoregulatory proteins (e.g. inerleukin, TNF, interferon) that is secreted by cells especially of the immune system.
Cytokines
Orientation or movement of an organism or cell in relation to chemical agents.
Chemotaxis
Passage of blood cells through capillary walls into the tissues.
Emigration/Diapedesis
